]> wimlib.net Git - wimlib/blobdiff - src/extract.c
Improve write streams performance and handling of joins
[wimlib] / src / extract.c
index 3e0e6af3f971407b78cd5d1cffdffe3d600bee0d..d9e03333e43403f701f337535253d0d4e403aafc 100644 (file)
  * along with wimlib; if not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
  */
 
+/*
+ * This file provides the API functions wimlib_extract_image(),
+ * wimlib_extract_files(), and wimlib_extract_image_from_pipe().  Internally,
+ * all end up calling extract_tree() zero or more times to extract a tree of
+ * files from the currently selected WIM image to the specified target directory
+ * or NTFS volume.
+ *
+ * Although wimlib supports multiple extraction modes/backends (NTFS-3g, UNIX,
+ * Win32), this file does not itself have code to extract files or directories
+ * to any specific target; instead, it handles generic functionality and relies
+ * on lower-level callback functions declared in `struct apply_operations' to do
+ * the actual extraction.
+ */
+
 #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
 #  include "config.h"
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __WIN32__
-#  include "wimlib/win32_common.h" /* For GetFullPathName() */
-#endif
-
 #include "wimlib/apply.h"
 #include "wimlib/dentry.h"
 #include "wimlib/encoding.h"
 #include "wimlib/endianness.h"
 #include "wimlib/error.h"
 #include "wimlib/lookup_table.h"
+#include "wimlib/metadata.h"
 #include "wimlib/paths.h"
+#include "wimlib/reparse.h"
 #include "wimlib/resource.h"
+#include "wimlib/security.h"
 #include "wimlib/swm.h"
 #ifdef __WIN32__
 #  include "wimlib/win32.h" /* for realpath() equivalent */
 #endif
 #include "wimlib/xml.h"
+#include "wimlib/wim.h"
 
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <limits.h>
-#ifdef WITH_NTFS_3G
-#  include <ntfs-3g/volume.h> /* for ntfs_mount(), ntfs_umount() */
-#endif
+#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-#define MAX_EXTRACT_LONG_PATH_WARNINGS 5
+#define WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_MULTI_IMAGE 0x80000000
+#define WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_FROM_PIPE   0x40000000
+#define WIMLIB_EXTRACT_MASK_PUBLIC      0x3fffffff
 
+/* Given a WIM dentry in the tree to be extracted, resolve all streams in the
+ * corresponding inode and set 'out_refcnt' in each to 0.  */
 static int
-do_apply_op(struct wim_dentry *dentry, struct apply_args *args,
-           int (*apply_dentry_func)(const tchar *, size_t,
-                                    struct wim_dentry *, struct apply_args *))
+dentry_resolve_and_zero_lte_refcnt(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_ctx)
 {
-       tchar *p;
-       size_t extraction_path_nchars;
-       struct wim_dentry *d;
-       LIST_HEAD(ancestor_list);
-       const tchar *target;
-       size_t target_nchars;
+       struct apply_ctx *ctx = _ctx;
+       struct wim_inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
+       struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;
+       int ret;
+       bool force = false;
 
-#ifdef __WIN32__
-       if (args->target_lowlevel_path) {
-               target = args->target_lowlevel_path;
-               target_nchars = args->target_lowlevel_path_nchars;
-       } else
-#endif
+       if (dentry->extraction_skipped)
+               return 0;
+
+       /* Special case:  when extracting from a pipe, the WIM lookup table is
+        * initially empty, so "resolving" an inode's streams is initially not
+        * possible.  However, we still need to keep track of which streams,
+        * identified by SHA1 message digests, need to be extracted, so we
+        * "resolve" the inode's streams anyway by allocating new entries.  */
+       if (ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_FROM_PIPE)
+               force = true;
+       ret = inode_resolve_ltes(inode, ctx->wim->lookup_table, force);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i <= inode->i_num_ads; i++) {
+               lte = inode_stream_lte_resolved(inode, i);
+               if (lte)
+                       lte->out_refcnt = 0;
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static inline bool
+is_linked_extraction(const struct apply_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       return 0 != (ctx->extract_flags & (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_HARDLINK |
+                                          WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SYMLINK));
+}
+
+static inline bool
+can_extract_named_data_streams(const struct apply_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       return ctx->supported_features.named_data_streams &&
+               !is_linked_extraction(ctx);
+}
+
+static int
+ref_stream_to_extract(struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte,
+                     struct wim_dentry *dentry, struct apply_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       if (!lte)
+               return 0;
+
+       if (likely(!is_linked_extraction(ctx)) || (lte->out_refcnt == 0 &&
+                                                  lte->extracted_file == NULL))
        {
-               target = args->target;
-               target_nchars = args->target_nchars;
+               ctx->progress.extract.total_bytes += wim_resource_size(lte);
+               ctx->progress.extract.num_streams++;
        }
 
-       extraction_path_nchars = target_nchars;
+       if (lte->out_refcnt == 0) {
+               list_add_tail(&lte->extraction_list, &ctx->stream_list);
+               ctx->num_streams_remaining++;
+       }
 
-       for (d = dentry; d != args->extract_root; d = d->parent) {
-               if (d->not_extracted)
-                       return 0;
-               extraction_path_nchars += d->extraction_name_nchars + 1;
-               list_add(&d->tmp_list, &ancestor_list);
+       if (ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL) {
+               struct wim_dentry **lte_dentries;
+
+               /* Append dentry to this stream's array of dentries referencing
+                * it.  Use inline array to avoid memory allocation until the
+                * number of dentries becomes too large.  */
+               if (lte->out_refcnt < ARRAY_LEN(lte->inline_lte_dentries)) {
+                       lte_dentries = lte->inline_lte_dentries;
+               } else {
+                       struct wim_dentry **prev_lte_dentries;
+                       size_t alloc_lte_dentries;
+
+                       if (lte->out_refcnt == ARRAY_LEN(lte->inline_lte_dentries)) {
+                               prev_lte_dentries = NULL;
+                               alloc_lte_dentries = ARRAY_LEN(lte->inline_lte_dentries);
+                       } else {
+                               prev_lte_dentries = lte->lte_dentries;
+                               alloc_lte_dentries = lte->alloc_lte_dentries;
+                       }
+
+                       if (lte->out_refcnt == alloc_lte_dentries) {
+                               alloc_lte_dentries *= 2;
+                               lte_dentries = REALLOC(prev_lte_dentries,
+                                                      alloc_lte_dentries *
+                                                       sizeof(lte_dentries[0]));
+                               if (!lte_dentries)
+                                       return WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
+                               if (prev_lte_dentries == NULL) {
+                                       memcpy(lte_dentries,
+                                              lte->inline_lte_dentries,
+                                              sizeof(lte->inline_lte_dentries));
+                               }
+                               lte->lte_dentries = lte_dentries;
+                               lte->alloc_lte_dentries = alloc_lte_dentries;
+                       }
+                       lte_dentries = lte->lte_dentries;
+               }
+               lte_dentries[lte->out_refcnt] = dentry;
        }
+       lte->out_refcnt++;
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/* Given a WIM dentry in the tree to be extracted, iterate through streams that
+ * need to be extracted.  For each one, add it to the list of streams to be
+ * extracted (ctx->stream_list) if not already done so, and also update the
+ * progress information (ctx->progress) with the stream.  Furthermore, if doing
+ * a sequential extraction, build a mapping from each the stream to the dentries
+ * referencing it.  */
+static int
+dentry_add_streams_to_extract(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_ctx)
+{
+       struct apply_ctx *ctx = _ctx;
+       struct wim_inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
+       int ret;
 
-       tchar extraction_path[extraction_path_nchars + 1];
-       p = tmempcpy(extraction_path, target, target_nchars);
+       /* Don't process dentries marked as skipped.  */
+       if (dentry->extraction_skipped)
+               return 0;
 
+       /* Don't process additional hard links.  */
+       if (inode->i_visited && ctx->supported_features.hard_links)
+               return 0;
 
-       list_for_each_entry(d, &ancestor_list, tmp_list) {
-               *p++ = OS_PREFERRED_PATH_SEPARATOR;
-               p = tmempcpy(p, d->extraction_name, d->extraction_name_nchars);
+       /* The unnamed data stream will always be extracted, except in an
+        * unlikely case.  */
+       if (!inode_is_encrypted_directory(inode)) {
+               ret = ref_stream_to_extract(inode_unnamed_lte_resolved(inode),
+                                           dentry, ctx);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
        }
-       *p = T('\0');
 
-#ifdef __WIN32__
-       /* Warn the user if the path exceeds MAX_PATH */
+       /* Named data streams will be extracted only if supported in the current
+        * extraction mode and volume, and to avoid complications, if not doing
+        * a linked extraction.  */
+       if (can_extract_named_data_streams(ctx)) {
+               for (u16 i = 0; i < inode->i_num_ads; i++) {
+                       if (!ads_entry_is_named_stream(&inode->i_ads_entries[i]))
+                               continue;
+                       ret = ref_stream_to_extract(inode->i_ads_entries[i].lte,
+                                                   dentry, ctx);
+                       if (ret)
+                               return ret;
+               }
+       }
+       inode->i_visited = 1;
+       return 0;
+}
 
-       /* + 1 for '\0', -4 for \\?\.  */
-       if (extraction_path_nchars + 1 - 4 > MAX_PATH) {
-               if (dentry->needs_extraction &&
-                   args->num_long_paths < MAX_EXTRACT_LONG_PATH_WARNINGS)
+/* Inform library user of progress of stream extraction following the successful
+ * extraction of a copy of the stream specified by @lte.  */
+static void
+update_extract_progress(struct apply_ctx *ctx,
+                       const struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte)
+{
+       wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func = ctx->progress_func;
+       union wimlib_progress_info *progress = &ctx->progress;
+
+       progress->extract.completed_bytes += wim_resource_size(lte);
+       if (progress_func &&
+           progress->extract.completed_bytes >= ctx->next_progress)
+       {
+               progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_STREAMS, progress);
+               if (progress->extract.completed_bytes >=
+                   progress->extract.total_bytes)
                {
-                       WARNING("Path \"%ls\" exceeds MAX_PATH and will not be accessible "
-                               "to most Windows software", extraction_path);
-                       if (++args->num_long_paths == MAX_EXTRACT_LONG_PATH_WARNINGS)
-                               WARNING("Suppressing further warnings about long paths");
+                       ctx->next_progress = ~0ULL;
+               } else {
+                       ctx->next_progress += progress->extract.total_bytes / 128;
+                       if (ctx->next_progress > progress->extract.total_bytes)
+                               ctx->next_progress = progress->extract.total_bytes;
                }
        }
-#endif
-       return (*apply_dentry_func)(extraction_path, extraction_path_nchars,
-                                   dentry, args);
 }
 
+#ifndef __WIN32__
+/* Extract a symbolic link (not directly as reparse data), handling fixing up
+ * the target of absolute symbolic links and updating the extract progress.
+ *
+ * @inode must specify the WIM inode for a symbolic link or junction reparse
+ * point.
+ *
+ * @lte_override overrides the resource used as the reparse data for the
+ * symbolic link.  */
+static int
+extract_symlink(const tchar *path, struct apply_ctx *ctx,
+               struct wim_inode *inode,
+               struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte_override)
+{
+       ssize_t bufsize = ctx->ops->path_max;
+       tchar target[bufsize];
+       tchar *buf = target;
+       tchar *fixed_target;
+       ssize_t sret;
+       int ret;
 
-/* Extracts a file, directory, or symbolic link from the WIM archive. */
+       /* If absolute symbolic link fixups requested, reserve space in the link
+        * target buffer for the absolute path of the target directory.  */
+       if (ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX)
+       {
+               buf += ctx->realtarget_nchars;
+               bufsize -= ctx->realtarget_nchars;
+       }
+
+       /* Translate the WIM inode's reparse data into the link target.  */
+       sret = wim_inode_readlink(inode, buf, bufsize - 1, lte_override);
+       if (sret < 0) {
+               errno = -sret;
+               return WIMLIB_ERR_READLINK;
+       }
+       buf[sret] = '\0';
+
+       if ((ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX) &&
+           buf[0] == '/')
+       {
+               /* Fix absolute symbolic link target to point into the
+                * actual extraction destination.  */
+               tmemcpy(target, ctx->realtarget, ctx->realtarget_nchars);
+               fixed_target = target;
+       } else {
+               /* Keep same link target.  */
+               fixed_target = buf;
+       }
+
+       /* Call into the apply_operations to create the symbolic link.  */
+       DEBUG("Creating symlink \"%"TS"\" => \"%"TS"\"",
+             path, fixed_target);
+       ret = ctx->ops->create_symlink(fixed_target, path, ctx);
+       if (ret) {
+               ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to create symlink "
+                                "\"%"TS"\" => \"%"TS"\"", path, fixed_target);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       /* Account for reparse data consumed.  */
+       update_extract_progress(ctx,
+                               (lte_override ? lte_override :
+                                     inode_unnamed_lte_resolved(inode)));
+       return 0;
+}
+#endif /* !__WIN32__ */
+
+/* Create a file, directory, or symbolic link.  */
 static int
-apply_dentry_normal(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *arg)
+extract_inode(const tchar *path, struct apply_ctx *ctx, struct wim_inode *inode)
 {
-#ifdef __WIN32__
-       return do_apply_op(dentry, arg, win32_do_apply_dentry);
-#else
-       return do_apply_op(dentry, arg, unix_do_apply_dentry);
-#endif
+       int ret;
+
+#ifndef __WIN32__
+       if (ctx->supported_features.symlink_reparse_points &&
+           !ctx->supported_features.reparse_points &&
+           inode_is_symlink(inode))
+       {
+               ret = extract_symlink(path, ctx, inode, NULL);
+       } else
+#endif /* !__WIN32__ */
+       if (inode->i_attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) {
+               ret = ctx->ops->create_directory(path, ctx);
+               if (ret) {
+                       ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to create the directory "
+                                        "\"%"TS"\"", path);
+               }
+       } else {
+               ret = ctx->ops->create_file(path, ctx);
+               if (ret) {
+                       ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to create the file "
+                                        "\"%"TS"\"", path);
+               }
+       }
+       return ret;
 }
 
+static int
+extract_hardlink(const tchar *oldpath, const tchar *newpath,
+                struct apply_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       DEBUG("Creating hardlink \"%"TS"\" => \"%"TS"\"", newpath, oldpath);
+       ret = ctx->ops->create_hardlink(oldpath, newpath, ctx);
+       if (ret) {
+               ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to create hardlink "
+                                "\"%"TS"\" => \"%"TS"\"",
+                                newpath, oldpath);
+       }
+       return ret;
+}
+
+#ifdef __WIN32__
+static int
+try_extract_rpfix(u8 *rpbuf,
+                 u16 *rpbuflen_p,
+                 const wchar_t *extract_root_realpath,
+                 unsigned extract_root_realpath_nchars)
+{
+       struct reparse_data rpdata;
+       wchar_t *target;
+       size_t target_nchars;
+       size_t stripped_nchars;
+       wchar_t *stripped_target;
+       wchar_t stripped_target_nchars;
+       int ret;
+
+       utf16lechar *new_target;
+       utf16lechar *new_print_name;
+       size_t new_target_nchars;
+       size_t new_print_name_nchars;
+       utf16lechar *p;
+
+       ret = parse_reparse_data(rpbuf, *rpbuflen_p, &rpdata);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       if (extract_root_realpath[0] == L'\0' ||
+           extract_root_realpath[1] != L':' ||
+           extract_root_realpath[2] != L'\\')
+               return WIMLIB_ERR_REPARSE_POINT_FIXUP_FAILED;
+
+       ret = parse_substitute_name(rpdata.substitute_name,
+                                   rpdata.substitute_name_nbytes,
+                                   rpdata.rptag);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               return 0;
+       stripped_nchars = ret;
+       target = rpdata.substitute_name;
+       target_nchars = rpdata.substitute_name_nbytes / sizeof(utf16lechar);
+       stripped_target = target + stripped_nchars;
+       stripped_target_nchars = target_nchars - stripped_nchars;
+
+       new_target = alloca((6 + extract_root_realpath_nchars +
+                            stripped_target_nchars) * sizeof(utf16lechar));
+
+       p = new_target;
+       if (stripped_nchars == 6) {
+               /* Include \??\ prefix if it was present before */
+               p = wmempcpy(p, L"\\??\\", 4);
+       }
+
+       /* Print name excludes the \??\ if present. */
+       new_print_name = p;
+       if (stripped_nchars != 0) {
+               /* Get drive letter from real path to extract root, if a drive
+                * letter was present before. */
+               *p++ = extract_root_realpath[0];
+               *p++ = extract_root_realpath[1];
+       }
+       /* Copy the rest of the extract root */
+       p = wmempcpy(p, extract_root_realpath + 2, extract_root_realpath_nchars - 2);
+
+       /* Append the stripped target */
+       p = wmempcpy(p, stripped_target, stripped_target_nchars);
+       new_target_nchars = p - new_target;
+       new_print_name_nchars = p - new_print_name;
+
+       if (new_target_nchars * sizeof(utf16lechar) >= REPARSE_POINT_MAX_SIZE ||
+           new_print_name_nchars * sizeof(utf16lechar) >= REPARSE_POINT_MAX_SIZE)
+               return WIMLIB_ERR_REPARSE_POINT_FIXUP_FAILED;
+
+       rpdata.substitute_name = new_target;
+       rpdata.substitute_name_nbytes = new_target_nchars * sizeof(utf16lechar);
+       rpdata.print_name = new_print_name;
+       rpdata.print_name_nbytes = new_print_name_nchars * sizeof(utf16lechar);
+       return make_reparse_buffer(&rpdata, rpbuf, rpbuflen_p);
+}
+#endif /* __WIN32__ */
 
-/* Apply timestamps to an extracted file or directory */
+/* Set reparse data on extracted file or directory that has
+ * FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT set.  */
 static int
-apply_dentry_timestamps_normal(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *arg)
+extract_reparse_data(const tchar *path, struct apply_ctx *ctx,
+                    struct wim_inode *inode,
+                    struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte_override)
 {
+       int ret;
+       u8 rpbuf[REPARSE_POINT_MAX_SIZE];
+       u16 rpbuflen;
+
+       ret = wim_inode_get_reparse_data(inode, rpbuf, &rpbuflen, lte_override);
+       if (ret)
+               goto error;
+
 #ifdef __WIN32__
-       return do_apply_op(dentry, arg, win32_do_apply_dentry_timestamps);
-#else
-       return do_apply_op(dentry, arg, unix_do_apply_dentry_timestamps);
+       /* Fix up target of absolute symbolic link or junction points so
+        * that they point into the actual extraction target.  */
+       if ((ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX) &&
+           (inode->i_reparse_tag == WIM_IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK ||
+            inode->i_reparse_tag == WIM_IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT) &&
+           !inode->i_not_rpfixed)
+       {
+               ret = try_extract_rpfix(rpbuf, &rpbuflen, ctx->realtarget,
+                                       ctx->realtarget_nchars);
+               if (ret && !(ctx->extract_flags &
+                            WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_SYMLINKS))
+               {
+                       WARNING("Reparse point fixup of \"%"TS"\" "
+                               "failed", path);
+                       ret = 0;
+               }
+               if (ret)
+                       goto error;
+       }
 #endif
+
+       ret = ctx->ops->set_reparse_data(path, rpbuf, rpbuflen, ctx);
+
+       /* On Windows, the SeCreateSymbolicLink privilege is required to create
+        * symbolic links.  To be more friendly towards non-Administrator users,
+        * we merely warn the user if symbolic links cannot be created due to
+        * insufficient permissions or privileges, unless
+        * WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_SYMLINKS was provided.  */
+#ifdef __WIN32__
+       if (ret && inode_is_symlink(inode) &&
+           (errno == EACCES || errno == EPERM) &&
+           !(ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_SYMLINKS))
+       {
+               WARNING("Can't set reparse data on \"%"TS"\": "
+                       "Access denied!\n"
+                       "          You may be trying to "
+                       "extract a symbolic link without the\n"
+                       "          SeCreateSymbolicLink privilege, "
+                       "which by default non-Administrator\n"
+                       "          accounts do not have.",
+                       path);
+               ret = 0;
+       }
+#endif
+       if (ret)
+               goto error;
+
+       /* Account for reparse data consumed.  */
+       update_extract_progress(ctx,
+                               (lte_override ? lte_override :
+                                     inode_unnamed_lte_resolved(inode)));
+       return 0;
+
+error:
+       ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to set reparse data on \"%"TS"\"", path);
+       return ret;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Extract zero or more streams to a file.
+ *
+ * This function operates slightly differently depending on whether @lte_spec is
+ * NULL or not.  When @lte_spec is NULL, the behavior is to extract the default
+ * file contents (unnamed stream), and, if named data streams are supported in
+ * the extract mode and volume, any named data streams.  When @lte_spec is NULL,
+ * the behavior is to extract only all copies of the stream @lte_spec, and in
+ * addition use @lte_spec to set the reparse data or create the symbolic link if
+ * appropriate.
+ *
+ * @path
+ *     Path to file to extract (as can be passed to apply_operations
+ *     functions).
+ * @ctx
+ *     Apply context.
+ * @dentry
+ *     WIM dentry that corresponds to the file being extracted.
+ * @lte_spec
+ *     If non-NULL, specifies the lookup table entry for a stream to extract,
+ *     and only that stream will be extracted (although there may be more than
+ *     one instance of it).
+ * @lte_override
+ *     Used only if @lte_spec != NULL; it is passed to the extraction functions
+ *     rather than @lte_spec, allowing the location of the stream to be
+ *     overridden.  (This is used when the WIM is being read from a nonseekable
+ *     file, such as a pipe, when streams need to be used more than once; each
+ *     such stream is extracted to a temporary file.)
+ */
+static int
+extract_streams(const tchar *path, struct apply_ctx *ctx,
+               struct wim_dentry *dentry,
+               struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte_spec,
+               struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte_override)
+{
+       struct wim_inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
+       struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;
+       int ret;
+
+       if (dentry->was_hardlinked)
+               return 0;
+
+#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG
+       if (lte_spec) {
+               char sha1_str[100];
+               char *p = sha1_str;
+               for (unsigned i = 0; i < SHA1_HASH_SIZE; i++)
+                       p += sprintf(p, "%02x", lte_override->hash[i]);
+               DEBUG("Extracting stream SHA1=%s to \"%"TS"\"",
+                     sha1_str, path, inode->i_ino);
+       } else {
+               DEBUG("Extracting streams to \"%"TS"\"", path, inode->i_ino);
+       }
+#endif
+
+       /* Unnamed data stream.  */
+       lte = inode_unnamed_lte_resolved(inode);
+       if (lte && (!lte_spec || lte == lte_spec)) {
+               if (lte_spec)
+                       lte = lte_override;
+               if (!(inode->i_attributes & (FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY |
+                                            FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT)))
+               {
+                       if ((inode->i_attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTED) &&
+                           ctx->supported_features.encrypted_files)
+                               ret = ctx->ops->extract_encrypted_stream(path, lte, ctx);
+                       else
+                               ret = ctx->ops->extract_unnamed_stream(path, lte, ctx);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto error;
+                       update_extract_progress(ctx, lte);
+               }
+               else if (inode->i_attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT)
+               {
+                       ret = 0;
+                       if (ctx->supported_features.reparse_points)
+                               ret = extract_reparse_data(path, ctx, inode, lte);
+               #ifndef __WIN32__
+                       else if ((inode_is_symlink(inode) &&
+                                 ctx->supported_features.symlink_reparse_points))
+                               ret = extract_symlink(path, ctx, inode, lte);
+               #endif
+                       if (ret)
+                               return ret;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* Named data streams.  */
+       if (can_extract_named_data_streams(ctx)) {
+               for (u16 i = 0; i < inode->i_num_ads; i++) {
+                       struct wim_ads_entry *entry = &inode->i_ads_entries[i];
+
+                       if (!ads_entry_is_named_stream(entry))
+                               continue;
+                       lte = entry->lte;
+                       if (!lte)
+                               continue;
+                       if (lte_spec && lte_spec != lte)
+                               continue;
+                       if (lte_spec)
+                               lte = lte_override;
+                       ret = ctx->ops->extract_named_stream(path, entry->stream_name,
+                                                            entry->stream_name_nbytes / 2,
+                                                            lte, ctx);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto error;
+                       update_extract_progress(ctx, lte);
+               }
+       }
+       return 0;
+
+error:
+       ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to extract data of \"%"TS"\"", path);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+/* Set attributes on an extracted file or directory if supported by the
+ * extraction mode.  */
+static int
+extract_file_attributes(const tchar *path, struct apply_ctx *ctx,
+                       struct wim_dentry *dentry)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       if (ctx->ops->set_file_attributes) {
+               if (dentry == ctx->extract_root && ctx->root_dentry_is_special)
+                       return 0;
+               ret = ctx->ops->set_file_attributes(path,
+                                                   dentry->d_inode->i_attributes,
+                                                   ctx);
+               if (ret) {
+                       ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to set attributes on "
+                                        "\"%"TS"\"", path);
+                       return ret;
+               }
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* Set or remove the short (DOS) name on an extracted file or directory if
+ * supported by the extraction mode.  Since DOS names are unimportant and it's
+ * easy to run into problems setting them on Windows (SetFileShortName()
+ * requires SE_RESTORE privilege, which only the Administrator can request, and
+ * also requires DELETE access to the file), failure is ignored unless
+ * WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_SHORT_NAMES is set.  */
+static int
+extract_short_name(const tchar *path, struct apply_ctx *ctx,
+                  struct wim_dentry *dentry)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       /* The root of the dentry tree being extracted may not be extracted to
+        * its original name, so its short name should be ignored.  */
+       if (dentry == ctx->extract_root)
+               return 0;
+
+       if (ctx->supported_features.short_names) {
+               ret = ctx->ops->set_short_name(path,
+                                              dentry->short_name,
+                                              dentry->short_name_nbytes / 2,
+                                              ctx);
+               if (ret && (ctx->extract_flags &
+                           WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_SHORT_NAMES))
+               {
+                       ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to set short name of "
+                                        "\"%"TS"\"", path);
+                       return ret;
+               }
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/* Set security descriptor, UNIX data, or neither on an extracted file, taking
+ * into account the current extraction mode and flags.  */
+static int
+extract_security(const tchar *path, struct apply_ctx *ctx,
+                struct wim_dentry *dentry)
+{
+       int ret;
+       struct wim_inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
+
+       if (ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NO_ACLS)
+               return 0;
+
+       if ((ctx->extract_root == dentry) && ctx->root_dentry_is_special)
+               return 0;
+
+#ifndef __WIN32__
+       if (ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_UNIX_DATA) {
+               struct wimlib_unix_data data;
+
+               ret = inode_get_unix_data(inode, &data, NULL);
+               if (ret < 0)
+                       ret = 0;
+               else if (ret == 0)
+                       ret = ctx->ops->set_unix_data(path, &data, ctx);
+               if (ret) {
+                       if (ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_ACLS) {
+                               ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to set UNIX owner, "
+                                                "group, and/or mode on "
+                                                "\"%"TS"\"", path);
+                               return ret;
+                       } else {
+                               WARNING_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to set UNIX owner, "
+                                                  "group, and/or/mode on "
+                                                  "\"%"TS"\"", path);
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       else
+#endif /* __WIN32__ */
+       if (ctx->supported_features.security_descriptors &&
+           inode->i_security_id != -1)
+       {
+               const struct wim_security_data *sd;
+               const u8 *desc;
+               size_t desc_size;
+
+               sd = wim_const_security_data(ctx->wim);
+               desc = sd->descriptors[inode->i_security_id];
+               desc_size = sd->sizes[inode->i_security_id];
+
+               ret = ctx->ops->set_security_descriptor(path, desc,
+                                                       desc_size, ctx,
+                                                       !!(ctx->extract_flags &
+                                                          WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_ACLS));
+               if (ret) {
+                       if (ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_ACLS) {
+                               ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to set security "
+                                                "descriptor on \"%"TS"\"", path);
+                               return ret;
+                       } else {
+                               if (errno != EACCES) {
+                                       WARNING_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to set "
+                                                          "security descriptor "
+                                                          "on \"%"TS"\"", path);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/* Set timestamps on an extracted file.  Failure is warning-only unless
+ * WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_TIMESTAMPS is set.  */
+static int
+extract_timestamps(const tchar *path, struct apply_ctx *ctx,
+                  struct wim_dentry *dentry)
+{
+       struct wim_inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
+       int ret;
+
+       if ((ctx->extract_root == dentry) && ctx->root_dentry_is_special)
+               return 0;
+
+       if (ctx->ops->set_timestamps) {
+               ret = ctx->ops->set_timestamps(path,
+                                              inode->i_creation_time,
+                                              inode->i_last_write_time,
+                                              inode->i_last_access_time,
+                                              ctx);
+               if (ret) {
+                       if (ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_TIMESTAMPS) {
+                               ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to set timestamps "
+                                                "on \"%"TS"\"", path);
+                               return ret;
+                       } else {
+                               WARNING_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to set timestamps "
+                                                  "on \"%"TS"\"", path);
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/* Check whether the extraction of a dentry should be skipped completely.  */
 static bool
-dentry_is_dot_or_dotdot(const struct wim_dentry *dentry)
+dentry_is_supported(struct wim_dentry *dentry,
+                   const struct wim_features *supported_features)
+{
+       struct wim_inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
+
+       if (inode->i_attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) {
+               if (supported_features->reparse_points)
+                       return true;
+               if (supported_features->symlink_reparse_points &&
+                   inode_is_symlink(inode))
+                       return true;
+               return false;
+       }
+       return true;
+}
+
+/* Given a WIM dentry to extract, build the path to which to extract it, in the
+ * format understood by the callbacks in the apply_operations being used.
+ *
+ * Write the resulting path into @path, which must have room for at least
+ * ctx->ops->max_path characters including the null-terminator.
+ *
+ * Return %true if successful; %false if this WIM dentry doesn't actually need
+ * to be extracted or if the calculated path exceeds ctx->ops->max_path
+ * characters.
+ *
+ * This function clobbers the tmp_list member of @dentry and its ancestors up
+ * until the extraction root.  */
+static bool
+build_extraction_path(tchar path[], struct wim_dentry *dentry,
+                     struct apply_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       size_t path_nchars;
+       LIST_HEAD(ancestor_list);
+       tchar *p = path;
+       const tchar *target_prefix;
+       size_t target_prefix_nchars;
+       struct wim_dentry *d;
+
+       if (dentry->extraction_skipped)
+               return false;
+
+       path_nchars = ctx->ops->path_prefix_nchars;
+
+       if (ctx->ops->requires_realtarget_in_paths) {
+               target_prefix        = ctx->realtarget;
+               target_prefix_nchars = ctx->realtarget_nchars;
+       } else if (ctx->ops->requires_target_in_paths) {
+               target_prefix        = ctx->target;
+               target_prefix_nchars = ctx->target_nchars;
+       } else {
+               target_prefix        = NULL;
+               target_prefix_nchars = 0;
+       }
+       path_nchars += target_prefix_nchars;
+
+       for (d = dentry; d != ctx->extract_root; d = d->parent) {
+               path_nchars += d->extraction_name_nchars + 1;
+               list_add(&d->tmp_list, &ancestor_list);
+       }
+
+       path_nchars++; /* null terminator */
+
+       if (path_nchars > ctx->ops->path_max) {
+               WARNING("\"%"TS"\": Path too long to extract",
+                       dentry_full_path(dentry));
+               return false;
+       }
+
+       p = tmempcpy(p, ctx->ops->path_prefix, ctx->ops->path_prefix_nchars);
+       p = tmempcpy(p, target_prefix, target_prefix_nchars);
+       list_for_each_entry(d, &ancestor_list, tmp_list) {
+               *p++ = ctx->ops->path_separator;
+               p = tmempcpy(p, d->extraction_name, d->extraction_name_nchars);
+       }
+       *p++ = T('\0');
+       wimlib_assert(p - path == path_nchars);
+       return true;
+}
+
+static unsigned
+get_num_path_components(const tchar *path, tchar path_separator)
+{
+       unsigned num_components = 0;
+
+       while (*path) {
+               while (*path == path_separator)
+                       path++;
+               if (*path)
+                       num_components++;
+               while (*path && *path != path_separator)
+                       path++;
+       }
+       return num_components;
+}
+
+static int
+extract_multiimage_symlink(const tchar *oldpath, const tchar *newpath,
+                          struct apply_ctx *ctx, struct wim_dentry *dentry)
+{
+       size_t num_raw_path_components;
+       const struct wim_dentry *d;
+       size_t num_target_path_components;
+       tchar *p;
+       const tchar *p_old;
+       int ret;
+
+       num_raw_path_components = 0;
+       for (d = dentry; d != ctx->extract_root; d = d->parent)
+               num_raw_path_components++;
+
+       if (ctx->ops->requires_realtarget_in_paths)
+               num_target_path_components = get_num_path_components(ctx->realtarget,
+                                                                    ctx->ops->path_separator);
+       else if (ctx->ops->requires_target_in_paths)
+               num_target_path_components = get_num_path_components(ctx->target,
+                                                                    ctx->ops->path_separator);
+       else
+               num_target_path_components = 0;
+
+       if (ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_MULTI_IMAGE) {
+               wimlib_assert(num_target_path_components > 0);
+               num_raw_path_components++;
+               num_target_path_components--;
+       }
+
+       p_old = oldpath;
+       while (*p_old == ctx->ops->path_separator)
+               p_old++;
+       while (--num_target_path_components) {
+               while (*p_old != ctx->ops->path_separator)
+                       p_old++;
+               while (*p_old == ctx->ops->path_separator)
+                       p_old++;
+       }
+
+       tchar symlink_target[tstrlen(p_old) + 3 * num_raw_path_components + 1];
+
+       p = &symlink_target[0];
+       while (num_raw_path_components--) {
+               *p++ = '.';
+               *p++ = '.';
+               *p++ = ctx->ops->path_separator;
+       }
+       tstrcpy(p, p_old);
+       DEBUG("Creating symlink \"%"TS"\" => \"%"TS"\"",
+             newpath, symlink_target);
+       ret = ctx->ops->create_symlink(symlink_target, newpath, ctx);
+       if (ret) {
+               ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to create symlink "
+                                "\"%"TS"\" => \"%"TS"\"",
+                                newpath, symlink_target);
+       }
+       return ret;
+}
+
+/* Create the "skeleton" of an extracted file or directory.  Don't yet extract
+ * data streams, reparse data (including symbolic links), timestamps, and
+ * security descriptors.  Basically, everything that doesn't require reading
+ * non-metadata resources from the WIM file and isn't delayed until the final
+ * pass.  */
+static int
+do_dentry_extract_skeleton(tchar path[], struct wim_dentry *dentry,
+                          struct apply_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       struct wim_inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
+       int ret;
+       const tchar *oldpath;
+
+       if (unlikely(is_linked_extraction(ctx))) {
+               struct wim_lookup_table_entry *unnamed_lte;
+
+               unnamed_lte = inode_unnamed_lte_resolved(dentry->d_inode);
+               if (unnamed_lte && unnamed_lte->extracted_file) {
+                       oldpath = unnamed_lte->extracted_file;
+                       if (ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_HARDLINK)
+                               goto hardlink;
+                       else
+                               goto symlink;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* Create hard link if this dentry corresponds to an already-extracted
+        * inode.  */
+       if (inode->i_extracted_file) {
+               oldpath = inode->i_extracted_file;
+               goto hardlink;
+       }
+
+       /* Skip symlinks unless they can be extracted as reparse points rather
+        * than created directly.  */
+       if (inode_is_symlink(inode) && !ctx->supported_features.reparse_points)
+               return 0;
+
+       /* Create this file or directory unless it's the extraction root, which
+        * was already created if necessary.  */
+       if (dentry != ctx->extract_root) {
+               ret = extract_inode(path, ctx, inode);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
+       }
+
+       /* Create empty named data streams.  */
+       if (can_extract_named_data_streams(ctx)) {
+               for (u16 i = 0; i < inode->i_num_ads; i++) {
+                       struct wim_ads_entry *entry = &inode->i_ads_entries[i];
+
+                       if (!ads_entry_is_named_stream(entry))
+                               continue;
+                       if (entry->lte)
+                               continue;
+                       ret = ctx->ops->extract_named_stream(path,
+                                                            entry->stream_name,
+                                                            entry->stream_name_nbytes / 2,
+                                                            entry->lte, ctx);
+                       if (ret) {
+                               ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("\"%"TS"\": failed to create "
+                                                "empty named data stream",
+                                                path);
+                               return ret;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* Set file attributes (if supported).  */
+       ret = extract_file_attributes(path, ctx, dentry);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       /* Set or remove file short name (if supported).  */
+       ret = extract_short_name(path, ctx, dentry);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       /* If inode has multiple links and hard links are supported in this
+        * extraction mode and volume, save the path to the extracted file in
+        * case it's needed to create a hard link.  */
+       if (unlikely(is_linked_extraction(ctx))) {
+               struct wim_lookup_table_entry *unnamed_lte;
+
+               unnamed_lte = inode_unnamed_lte_resolved(dentry->d_inode);
+               if (unnamed_lte) {
+                       unnamed_lte->extracted_file = TSTRDUP(path);
+                       if (!unnamed_lte->extracted_file)
+                               return WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
+               }
+       } else if (inode->i_nlink > 1 && ctx->supported_features.hard_links) {
+               inode->i_extracted_file = TSTRDUP(path);
+               if (!inode->i_extracted_file)
+                       return WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
+       }
+       return 0;
+
+symlink:
+       ret = extract_multiimage_symlink(oldpath, path, ctx, dentry);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+       dentry->was_hardlinked = 1;
+       return 0;
+
+hardlink:
+       ret = extract_hardlink(oldpath, path, ctx);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+       dentry->was_hardlinked = 1;
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+dentry_extract_skeleton(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_ctx)
 {
-       const utf16lechar *file_name = dentry->file_name;
-       return file_name != NULL &&
-               file_name[0] == cpu_to_le16('.') &&
-               (file_name[1] == cpu_to_le16('\0') ||
-                (file_name[1] == cpu_to_le16('.') &&
-                 file_name[2] == cpu_to_le16('\0')));
+       struct apply_ctx *ctx = _ctx;
+       tchar path[ctx->ops->path_max];
+
+       if (!build_extraction_path(path, dentry, ctx))
+               return 0;
+       return do_dentry_extract_skeleton(path, dentry, ctx);
 }
 
-/* Extract a dentry if it hasn't already been extracted and either
- * WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NO_STREAMS is not specified, or the dentry is a directory
- * and/or has no unnamed stream. */
+/* Create a file or directory, then immediately extract all streams.  This
+ * assumes that WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL is not specified, since the WIM
+ * may not be read sequentially by this function.  */
 static int
-maybe_apply_dentry(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *arg)
+dentry_extract(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_ctx)
 {
-       struct apply_args *args = arg;
+       struct apply_ctx *ctx = _ctx;
+       tchar path[ctx->ops->path_max];
        int ret;
 
-       if (!dentry->needs_extraction)
+       if (!build_extraction_path(path, dentry, ctx))
                return 0;
 
-       if (args->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NO_STREAMS &&
-           !dentry_is_directory(dentry) &&
-           inode_unnamed_lte_resolved(dentry->d_inode) != NULL)
-               return 0;
+       ret = do_dentry_extract_skeleton(path, dentry, ctx);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
 
-       if ((args->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_VERBOSE) &&
-            args->progress_func) {
-               ret = calculate_dentry_full_path(dentry);
-               if (ret)
-                       return ret;
-               args->progress.extract.cur_path = dentry->_full_path;
-               args->progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_DENTRY,
-                                   &args->progress);
-       }
-       ret = args->apply_dentry(dentry, args);
-       if (ret == 0)
-               dentry->needs_extraction = 0;
-       return ret;
+       return extract_streams(path, ctx, dentry, NULL, NULL);
 }
 
-static void
-calculate_bytes_to_extract(struct list_head *stream_list,
-                          int extract_flags,
-                          union wimlib_progress_info *progress)
+/* Extract all instances of the stream @lte that are being extracted in this
+ * call of extract_tree().  @can_seek specifies whether the WIM file descriptor
+ * is seekable or not (e.g. is a pipe).  If not and the stream needs to be
+ * extracted multiple times, it is extracted to a temporary file first.
+ *
+ * This is intended for use with sequential extraction of a WIM image
+ * (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL specified).  */
+static int
+extract_stream_instances(struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte,
+                        struct apply_ctx *ctx, bool can_seek)
 {
-       struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;
-       u64 total_bytes = 0;
-       u64 num_streams = 0;
+       struct wim_dentry **lte_dentries;
+       struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte_tmp = NULL;
+       struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte_override;
+       tchar *stream_tmp_filename = NULL;
+       tchar path[ctx->ops->path_max];
+       unsigned i;
+       int ret;
 
-       /* For each stream to be extracted... */
-       list_for_each_entry(lte, stream_list, extraction_list) {
-               if (extract_flags &
-                   (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SYMLINK | WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_HARDLINK))
-               {
-                       /* In the symlink or hard link extraction mode, each
-                        * stream will be extracted one time regardless of how
-                        * many dentries share the stream. */
-                       wimlib_assert(!(extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NTFS));
-                       if (!lte->extracted_file) {
-                               num_streams++;
-                               total_bytes += wim_resource_size(lte);
-                       }
-               } else {
-                       num_streams += lte->out_refcnt;
-                       total_bytes += lte->out_refcnt * wim_resource_size(lte);
+       if (lte->out_refcnt <= ARRAY_LEN(lte->inline_lte_dentries))
+               lte_dentries = lte->inline_lte_dentries;
+       else
+               lte_dentries = lte->lte_dentries;
+
+       if (likely(can_seek || lte->out_refcnt < 2)) {
+               lte_override = lte;
+       } else {
+               /* Need to extract stream to temporary file.  */
+               struct filedes fd;
+               int raw_fd;
+
+               stream_tmp_filename = ttempnam(NULL, T("wimlib"));
+               if (!stream_tmp_filename) {
+                       ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to create temporary filename");
+                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_OPEN;
+                       goto out;
+               }
+
+               lte_tmp = memdup(lte, sizeof(struct wim_lookup_table_entry));
+               if (!lte_tmp) {
+                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
+                       goto out_free_stream_tmp_filename;
                }
+               lte_tmp->resource_location = RESOURCE_IN_FILE_ON_DISK;
+               lte_tmp->file_on_disk = stream_tmp_filename;
+               lte_override = lte_tmp;
+
+               raw_fd = topen(stream_tmp_filename,
+                              O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_BINARY, 0600);
+               if (raw_fd < 0) {
+                       ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to open temporary file");
+                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_OPEN;
+                       goto out_free_lte_tmp;
+               }
+               filedes_init(&fd, raw_fd);
+               ret = extract_wim_resource_to_fd(lte, &fd,
+                                                wim_resource_size(lte));
+               if (filedes_close(&fd) && !ret)
+                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out_unlink_stream_tmp_file;
        }
-       progress->extract.num_streams = num_streams;
-       progress->extract.total_bytes = total_bytes;
-       progress->extract.completed_bytes = 0;
-}
 
-static void
-maybe_add_stream_for_extraction(struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte,
-                               struct list_head *stream_list)
-{
-       if (++lte->out_refcnt == 1) {
-               INIT_LIST_HEAD(&lte->lte_dentry_list);
-               list_add_tail(&lte->extraction_list, stream_list);
+       /* Extract all instances of the stream, reading either from the stream
+        * in the WIM file or from the temporary file containing the stream.
+        * dentry->tmp_flag is used to ensure that each dentry is processed only
+        * once regardless of how many times this stream appears in the streams
+        * of the corresponding inode.  */
+       for (i = 0; i < lte->out_refcnt; i++) {
+               struct wim_dentry *dentry = lte_dentries[i];
+
+               if (dentry->tmp_flag)
+                       continue;
+               if (!build_extraction_path(path, dentry, ctx))
+                       continue;
+               ret = extract_streams(path, ctx, dentry,
+                                     lte, lte_override);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out_clear_tmp_flags;
+               dentry->tmp_flag = 1;
        }
+       ret = 0;
+out_clear_tmp_flags:
+       for (i = 0; i < lte->out_refcnt; i++)
+               lte_dentries[i]->tmp_flag = 0;
+out_unlink_stream_tmp_file:
+       if (stream_tmp_filename)
+               tunlink(stream_tmp_filename);
+out_free_lte_tmp:
+       FREE(lte_tmp);
+out_free_stream_tmp_filename:
+       FREE(stream_tmp_filename);
+out:
+       return ret;
 }
 
-struct find_streams_ctx {
-       struct list_head stream_list;
-       int extract_flags;
-};
-
+/* Extracts a list of streams (ctx.stream_list), assuming that the directory
+ * structure and empty files were already created.  This relies on the
+ * per-`struct wim_lookup_table_entry' list of dentries that reference each
+ * stream that was constructed earlier.  Streams are extracted exactly in the
+ * order of the stream list; however, unless the WIM's file descriptor is
+ * detected to be non-seekable, streams may be read from the WIM file more than
+ * one time if multiple copies need to be extracted.  */
 static int
-dentry_find_streams_to_extract(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_ctx)
+extract_stream_list(struct apply_ctx *ctx)
 {
-       struct find_streams_ctx *ctx = _ctx;
-       struct wim_inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;
-       bool dentry_added = false;
-       struct list_head *stream_list = &ctx->stream_list;
-       int extract_flags = ctx->extract_flags;
-
-       if (!dentry->needs_extraction)
-               return 0;
+       bool can_seek;
+       int ret;
 
-       lte = inode_unnamed_lte_resolved(inode);
-       if (lte) {
-               if (!inode->i_visited)
-                       maybe_add_stream_for_extraction(lte, stream_list);
-               list_add_tail(&dentry->extraction_stream_list, &lte->lte_dentry_list);
-               dentry_added = true;
-       }
-
-       /* Determine whether to include alternate data stream entries or not.
-        *
-        * UNIX:  Include them if extracting using NTFS-3g.
-        *
-        * Windows: Include them undconditionally, although if the filesystem is
-        * not NTFS we won't actually be able to extract them. */
-#if defined(WITH_NTFS_3G)
-       if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NTFS)
-#elif defined(__WIN32__)
-       if (1)
-#else
-       if (0)
-#endif
-       {
-               for (unsigned i = 0; i < inode->i_num_ads; i++) {
-                       if (inode->i_ads_entries[i].stream_name_nbytes != 0) {
-                               lte = inode->i_ads_entries[i].lte;
-                               if (lte) {
-                                       if (!inode->i_visited) {
-                                               maybe_add_stream_for_extraction(lte,
-                                                                               stream_list);
-                                       }
-                                       if (!dentry_added) {
-                                               list_add_tail(&dentry->extraction_stream_list,
-                                                             &lte->lte_dentry_list);
-                                               dentry_added = true;
-                                       }
-                               }
-                       }
-               }
+       can_seek = (lseek(ctx->wim->in_fd.fd, 0, SEEK_CUR) != -1);
+       list_for_each_entry(lte, &ctx->stream_list, extraction_list) {
+               ret = extract_stream_instances(lte, ctx, can_seek);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
        }
-       inode->i_visited = 1;
        return 0;
 }
 
+/* Read the header from a stream in a pipable WIM.  */
 static int
-dentry_resolve_and_zero_lte_refcnt(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_lookup_table)
+read_pwm_stream_header(WIMStruct *pwm, struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte,
+                      bool allow_header)
 {
-       struct wim_inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
-       struct wim_lookup_table *lookup_table = _lookup_table;
-       struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;
+       struct pwm_stream_hdr stream_hdr;
        int ret;
 
-       ret = inode_resolve_ltes(inode, lookup_table);
+       ret = full_read(&pwm->in_fd, &stream_hdr, sizeof(stream_hdr));
        if (ret)
-               return ret;
-       for (unsigned i = 0; i <= inode->i_num_ads; i++) {
-               lte = inode_stream_lte_resolved(inode, i);
-               if (lte)
-                       lte->out_refcnt = 0;
+               goto read_error;
+
+       if (allow_header && stream_hdr.magic == PWM_MAGIC) {
+               u8 buf[WIM_HEADER_DISK_SIZE - sizeof(stream_hdr)];
+               ret = full_read(&pwm->in_fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
+               if (ret)
+                       goto read_error;
+               lte->resource_location = RESOURCE_NONEXISTENT;
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       if (stream_hdr.magic != PWM_STREAM_MAGIC) {
+               ERROR("Data read on pipe is invalid (expected stream header).");
+               return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PIPABLE_WIM;
+       }
+
+       lte->resource_entry.original_size = le64_to_cpu(stream_hdr.uncompressed_size);
+       copy_hash(lte->hash, stream_hdr.hash);
+       lte->resource_entry.flags = le32_to_cpu(stream_hdr.flags);
+       lte->resource_entry.offset = pwm->in_fd.offset;
+       lte->resource_location = RESOURCE_IN_WIM;
+       lte->wim = pwm;
+       if (lte->resource_entry.flags & WIM_RESHDR_FLAG_COMPRESSED) {
+               lte->compression_type = pwm->compression_type;
+               lte->resource_entry.size = 0;
+       } else {
+               lte->compression_type = WIMLIB_COMPRESSION_TYPE_NONE;
+               lte->resource_entry.size = lte->resource_entry.original_size;
        }
+       lte->is_pipable = 1;
        return 0;
+
+read_error:
+       ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Error reading pipable WIM from pipe");
+       return ret;
 }
 
+/* Skip over an unneeded stream in a pipable WIM being read from a pipe.  */
 static int
-find_streams_for_extraction(struct wim_dentry *root,
-                           struct list_head *stream_list,
-                           struct wim_lookup_table *lookup_table,
-                           int extract_flags)
+skip_pwm_stream(struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte)
 {
-       struct find_streams_ctx ctx;
-       int ret;
-
-       INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx.stream_list);
-       ctx.extract_flags = extract_flags;
-       ret = for_dentry_in_tree(root, dentry_resolve_and_zero_lte_refcnt, lookup_table);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
-       for_dentry_in_tree(root, dentry_find_streams_to_extract, &ctx);
-       list_transfer(&ctx.stream_list, stream_list);
-       return 0;
+       return read_partial_wim_resource(lte, wim_resource_size(lte),
+                                        NULL, NULL,
+                                        WIMLIB_READ_RESOURCE_FLAG_SEEK_ONLY,
+                                        0);
 }
 
-struct apply_operations {
-       int (*apply_dentry)(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *arg);
-       int (*apply_dentry_timestamps)(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *arg);
-};
-
-static const struct apply_operations normal_apply_operations = {
-       .apply_dentry = apply_dentry_normal,
-       .apply_dentry_timestamps = apply_dentry_timestamps_normal,
-};
-
-#ifdef WITH_NTFS_3G
-static const struct apply_operations ntfs_apply_operations = {
-       .apply_dentry = apply_dentry_ntfs,
-       .apply_dentry_timestamps = apply_dentry_timestamps_ntfs,
-};
-#endif
-
 static int
-apply_stream_list(struct list_head *stream_list,
-                 struct apply_args *args,
-                 const struct apply_operations *ops,
-                 wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
+extract_streams_from_pipe(struct apply_ctx *ctx)
 {
-       uint64_t bytes_per_progress = args->progress.extract.total_bytes / 100;
-       uint64_t next_progress = bytes_per_progress;
-       struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;
-       struct wim_dentry *dentry;
+       struct wim_lookup_table_entry *found_lte;
+       struct wim_lookup_table_entry *needed_lte;
+       struct wim_lookup_table *lookup_table;
        int ret;
 
-       /* This complicated loop is essentially looping through the dentries,
-        * although dentries may be visited more than once (if a dentry contains
-        * two different nonempty streams) or not at all (if a dentry contains
-        * no non-empty streams).
-        *
-        * The outer loop is over the distinct streams to be extracted so that
-        * sequential reading of the WIM can be implemented. */
-
-       /* For each distinct stream to be extracted */
-       list_for_each_entry(lte, stream_list, extraction_list) {
-               /* For each dentry to be extracted that is a name for an inode
-                * containing the stream */
-               list_for_each_entry(dentry, &lte->lte_dentry_list, extraction_stream_list) {
-                       /* Extract the dentry if it was not already
-                        * extracted */
-                       ret = maybe_apply_dentry(dentry, args);
+       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
+       found_lte = new_lookup_table_entry();
+       if (!found_lte)
+               goto out;
+
+       lookup_table = ctx->wim->lookup_table;
+
+       while (ctx->num_streams_remaining) {
+               ret = read_pwm_stream_header(ctx->wim, found_lte, true);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out_free_found_lte;
+
+               if ((found_lte->resource_location != RESOURCE_NONEXISTENT)
+                   && !(found_lte->resource_entry.flags & WIM_RESHDR_FLAG_METADATA)
+                   && (needed_lte = __lookup_resource(lookup_table, found_lte->hash))
+                   && (needed_lte->out_refcnt))
+               {
+                       copy_resource_entry(&needed_lte->resource_entry,
+                                           &found_lte->resource_entry);
+                       needed_lte->resource_location = found_lte->resource_location;
+                       needed_lte->wim               = found_lte->wim;
+                       needed_lte->compression_type  = found_lte->compression_type;
+                       needed_lte->is_pipable        = found_lte->is_pipable;
+
+                       ret = extract_stream_instances(needed_lte, ctx, false);
                        if (ret)
-                               return ret;
-                       if (progress_func &&
-                           args->progress.extract.completed_bytes >= next_progress)
-                       {
-                               progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_STREAMS,
-                                             &args->progress);
-                               if (args->progress.extract.completed_bytes >=
-                                   args->progress.extract.total_bytes)
-                               {
-                                       next_progress = ~0ULL;
-                               } else {
-                                       next_progress =
-                                               min (args->progress.extract.completed_bytes +
-                                                    bytes_per_progress,
-                                                    args->progress.extract.total_bytes);
-                               }
-                       }
+                               goto out_free_found_lte;
+                       ctx->num_streams_remaining--;
+               } else if (found_lte->resource_location != RESOURCE_NONEXISTENT) {
+                       ret = skip_pwm_stream(found_lte);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto out_free_found_lte;
                }
        }
-       return 0;
+       ret = 0;
+out_free_found_lte:
+       free_lookup_table_entry(found_lte);
+out:
+       return ret;
 }
 
+/* Finish extracting a file, directory, or symbolic link by setting file
+ * security and timestamps.  */
 static int
-sort_stream_list_by_wim_position(struct list_head *stream_list)
+dentry_extract_final(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_ctx)
 {
-       struct list_head *cur;
-       size_t num_streams;
-       struct wim_lookup_table_entry **array;
-       size_t i;
-       size_t array_size;
-
-       num_streams = 0;
-       list_for_each(cur, stream_list)
-               num_streams++;
-       array_size = num_streams * sizeof(array[0]);
-       array = MALLOC(array_size);
-       if (!array) {
-               ERROR("Failed to allocate %zu bytes to sort stream entries",
-                     array_size);
-               return WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
-       }
-       cur = stream_list->next;
-       for (i = 0; i < num_streams; i++) {
-               array[i] = container_of(cur, struct wim_lookup_table_entry, extraction_list);
-               cur = cur->next;
-       }
+       struct apply_ctx *ctx = _ctx;
+       int ret;
+       tchar path[ctx->ops->path_max];
 
-       qsort(array, num_streams, sizeof(array[0]), cmp_streams_by_wim_position);
+       if (!build_extraction_path(path, dentry, ctx))
+               return 0;
 
-       INIT_LIST_HEAD(stream_list);
-       for (i = 0; i < num_streams; i++)
-               list_add_tail(&array[i]->extraction_list, stream_list);
-       FREE(array);
-       return 0;
+       ret = extract_security(path, ctx, dentry);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       return extract_timestamps(path, ctx, dentry);
 }
 
 /*
- * Extract a dentry to standard output.
+ * Extract a WIM dentry to standard output.
  *
  * This obviously doesn't make sense in all cases.  We return an error if the
  * dentry does not correspond to a regular file.  Otherwise we extract the
@@ -439,16 +1348,20 @@ static int
 extract_dentry_to_stdout(struct wim_dentry *dentry)
 {
        int ret = 0;
-       if (!dentry_is_regular_file(dentry)) {
+       if (dentry->d_inode->i_attributes & (FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT |
+                                            FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY))
+       {
                ERROR("\"%"TS"\" is not a regular file and therefore cannot be "
-                     "extracted to standard output", dentry->_full_path);
+                     "extracted to standard output", dentry_full_path(dentry));
                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_NOT_A_REGULAR_FILE;
        } else {
                struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;
 
                lte = inode_unnamed_lte_resolved(dentry->d_inode);
                if (lte) {
-                       ret = extract_wim_resource_to_fd(lte, STDOUT_FILENO,
+                       struct filedes _stdout;
+                       filedes_init(&_stdout, STDOUT_FILENO);
+                       ret = extract_wim_resource_to_fd(lte, &_stdout,
                                                         wim_resource_size(lte));
                }
        }
@@ -502,6 +1415,24 @@ file_name_valid(utf16lechar *name, size_t num_chars, bool fix)
        return true;
 }
 
+static bool
+dentry_is_dot_or_dotdot(const struct wim_dentry *dentry)
+{
+       const utf16lechar *file_name = dentry->file_name;
+       return file_name != NULL &&
+               file_name[0] == cpu_to_le16('.') &&
+               (file_name[1] == cpu_to_le16('\0') ||
+                (file_name[1] == cpu_to_le16('.') &&
+                 file_name[2] == cpu_to_le16('\0')));
+}
+
+static int
+dentry_mark_skipped(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_ignore)
+{
+       dentry->extraction_skipped = 1;
+       return 0;
+}
+
 /*
  * dentry_calculate_extraction_path-
  *
@@ -512,7 +1443,7 @@ file_name_valid(utf16lechar *name, size_t num_chars, bool fix)
  * UNIX, converted into the platform's multibyte encoding).  However, if the
  * file name contains characters that are not valid on the current platform or
  * has some other format that is not valid, leave dentry->extraction_name as
- * NULL and clear dentry->needs_extraction to indicate that this dentry should
+ * NULL and set dentry->extraction_skipped to indicate that this dentry should
  * not be extracted, unless the appropriate flag
  * WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_REPLACE_INVALID_FILENAMES is set in the extract flags, in
  * which case a substitute filename will be created and set instead.
@@ -523,37 +1454,42 @@ file_name_valid(utf16lechar *name, size_t num_chars, bool fix)
 static int
 dentry_calculate_extraction_path(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_args)
 {
-       struct apply_args *args = _args;
+       struct apply_ctx *ctx = _args;
        int ret;
 
-       dentry->needs_extraction = 1;
-
-       if (dentry == args->extract_root)
+       if (dentry == ctx->extract_root || dentry->extraction_skipped)
                return 0;
 
+       if (!dentry_is_supported(dentry, &ctx->supported_features))
+               goto skip_dentry;
+
        if (dentry_is_dot_or_dotdot(dentry)) {
                /* WIM files shouldn't contain . or .. entries.  But if they are
                 * there, don't attempt to extract them. */
-               WARNING("Skipping extraction of unexpected . or .. file \"%"TS"\"",
-                       dentry_full_path(dentry));
+               WARNING("Skipping extraction of unexpected . or .. file "
+                       "\"%"TS"\"", dentry_full_path(dentry));
                goto skip_dentry;
        }
 
 #ifdef __WIN32__
-       struct wim_dentry *other;
-       list_for_each_entry(other, &dentry->case_insensitive_conflict_list,
-                           case_insensitive_conflict_list)
+       if (!ctx->ops->supports_case_sensitive_filenames)
        {
-               if (other->needs_extraction) {
-                       if (args->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_ALL_CASE_CONFLICTS)
-                       {
-                               WARNING("\"%"TS"\" has the same case-insensitive "
-                                       "name as \"%"TS"\"; extracting dummy name instead",
+               struct wim_dentry *other;
+               list_for_each_entry(other, &dentry->case_insensitive_conflict_list,
+                                   case_insensitive_conflict_list)
+               {
+                       if (ctx->extract_flags &
+                           WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_ALL_CASE_CONFLICTS) {
+                               WARNING("\"%"TS"\" has the same "
+                                       "case-insensitive name as "
+                                       "\"%"TS"\"; extracting "
+                                       "dummy name instead",
                                        dentry_full_path(dentry),
                                        dentry_full_path(other));
                                goto out_replace;
                        } else {
-                               WARNING("Not extracting \"%"TS"\": has same case-insensitive "
+                               WARNING("Not extracting \"%"TS"\": "
+                                       "has same case-insensitive "
                                        "name as \"%"TS"\"",
                                        dentry_full_path(dentry),
                                        dentry_full_path(other));
@@ -561,7 +1497,9 @@ dentry_calculate_extraction_path(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_args)
                        }
                }
        }
-#endif
+#else  /* __WIN32__ */
+       wimlib_assert(ctx->ops->supports_case_sensitive_filenames);
+#endif /* !__WIN32__ */
 
        if (file_name_valid(dentry->file_name, dentry->file_name_nbytes / 2, false)) {
 #ifdef __WIN32__
@@ -575,7 +1513,7 @@ dentry_calculate_extraction_path(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_args)
                                       &dentry->extraction_name_nchars);
 #endif
        } else {
-               if (args->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_REPLACE_INVALID_FILENAMES)
+               if (ctx->extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_REPLACE_INVALID_FILENAMES)
                {
                        WARNING("\"%"TS"\" has an invalid filename "
                                "that is not supported on this platform; "
@@ -590,78 +1528,323 @@ dentry_calculate_extraction_path(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_args)
                }
        }
 
-out_replace:
+out_replace:
+       {
+               utf16lechar utf16_name_copy[dentry->file_name_nbytes / 2];
+
+               memcpy(utf16_name_copy, dentry->file_name, dentry->file_name_nbytes);
+               file_name_valid(utf16_name_copy, dentry->file_name_nbytes / 2, true);
+
+               tchar *tchar_name;
+               size_t tchar_nchars;
+       #ifdef __WIN32__
+               tchar_name = utf16_name_copy;
+               tchar_nchars = dentry->file_name_nbytes / 2;
+       #else
+               ret = utf16le_to_tstr(utf16_name_copy,
+                                     dentry->file_name_nbytes,
+                                     &tchar_name, &tchar_nchars);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
+       #endif
+               size_t fixed_name_num_chars = tchar_nchars;
+               tchar fixed_name[tchar_nchars + 50];
+
+               tmemcpy(fixed_name, tchar_name, tchar_nchars);
+               fixed_name_num_chars += tsprintf(fixed_name + tchar_nchars,
+                                                T(" (invalid filename #%lu)"),
+                                                ++ctx->invalid_sequence);
+       #ifndef __WIN32__
+               FREE(tchar_name);
+       #endif
+               dentry->extraction_name = memdup(fixed_name,
+                                                2 * fixed_name_num_chars + 2);
+               if (!dentry->extraction_name)
+                       return WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
+               dentry->extraction_name_nchars = fixed_name_num_chars;
+       }
+       return 0;
+
+skip_dentry:
+       for_dentry_in_tree(dentry, dentry_mark_skipped, NULL);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/* Clean up dentry and inode structure after extraction.  */
+static int
+dentry_reset_needs_extraction(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_ignore)
+{
+       struct wim_inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
+
+       dentry->extraction_skipped = 0;
+       dentry->was_hardlinked = 0;
+       inode->i_visited = 0;
+       FREE(inode->i_extracted_file);
+       inode->i_extracted_file = NULL;
+       if ((void*)dentry->extraction_name != (void*)dentry->file_name)
+               FREE(dentry->extraction_name);
+       dentry->extraction_name = NULL;
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/* Tally features necessary to extract a dentry and the corresponding inode.  */
+static int
+dentry_tally_features(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_features)
+{
+       struct wim_features *features = _features;
+       struct wim_inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
+
+       if (inode->i_attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE)
+               features->archive_files++;
+       if (inode->i_attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN)
+               features->hidden_files++;
+       if (inode->i_attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM)
+               features->system_files++;
+       if (inode->i_attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPRESSED)
+               features->compressed_files++;
+       if (inode->i_attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTED)
+               features->encrypted_files++;
+       if (inode->i_attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_CONTENT_INDEXED)
+               features->not_context_indexed_files++;
+       if (inode->i_attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SPARSE_FILE)
+               features->sparse_files++;
+       if (inode_has_named_stream(inode))
+               features->named_data_streams++;
+       if (inode->i_visited)
+               features->hard_links++;
+       if (inode->i_attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) {
+               features->reparse_points++;
+               if (inode_is_symlink(inode))
+                       features->symlink_reparse_points++;
+               else
+                       features->other_reparse_points++;
+       }
+       if (inode->i_security_id != -1)
+               features->security_descriptors++;
+       if (dentry->short_name_nbytes)
+               features->short_names++;
+       if (inode_has_unix_data(inode))
+               features->unix_data++;
+       inode->i_visited = 1;
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+dentry_clear_inode_visited(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_ignore)
+{
+       dentry->d_inode->i_visited = 0;
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/* Tally the features necessary to extract a dentry tree.  */
+static void
+dentry_tree_get_features(struct wim_dentry *root, struct wim_features *features)
+{
+       memset(features, 0, sizeof(struct wim_features));
+       for_dentry_in_tree(root, dentry_tally_features, features);
+       for_dentry_in_tree(root, dentry_clear_inode_visited, NULL);
+}
+
+static int
+do_feature_check(const struct wim_features *required_features,
+                const struct wim_features *supported_features,
+                int extract_flags,
+                const struct apply_operations *ops)
+{
+       if (required_features->archive_files && !supported_features->archive_files)
+       {
+               WARNING(
+          "%lu files are marked as archived, but this attribute\n"
+"          is not supported in this extraction mode or volume.",
+                       required_features->archive_files);
+       }
+
+       if (required_features->hidden_files && !supported_features->hidden_files)
+       {
+               WARNING(
+          "%lu files are marked as hidden, but this attribute\n"
+"          is not supported in this extraction mode or volume.",
+                       required_features->hidden_files);
+       }
+
+       if (required_features->system_files && !supported_features->system_files)
+       {
+               WARNING(
+          "%lu files are marked as system files, but this attribute\n"
+"          is not supported in this extraction mode or volume.",
+                       required_features->system_files);
+       }
+
+       if (required_features->compressed_files && !supported_features->compressed_files)
+       {
+               WARNING(
+          "%lu files are marked as being transparently compressed, but\n"
+"          transparent compression is not supported in this extraction\n"
+"          mode or volume.  These files will be extracted as uncompressed.",
+                       required_features->compressed_files);
+       }
+
+       if (required_features->encrypted_files && !supported_features->encrypted_files)
+       {
+               WARNING(
+          "%lu files are marked as being encrypted, but encryption is not\n"
+"          supported in this extraction mode or volume.  These files will be\n"
+"          extracted as raw encrypted data instead.",
+                       required_features->encrypted_files);
+       }
+
+       if (required_features->not_context_indexed_files &&
+           !supported_features->not_context_indexed_files)
+       {
+               WARNING(
+          "%lu files are marked as not content indexed, but this attribute\n"
+"          is not supported in this extraction mode or volume.",
+                       required_features->not_context_indexed_files);
+       }
+
+       if (required_features->sparse_files && !supported_features->sparse_files)
+       {
+               WARNING(
+          "%lu files are marked as sparse, but creating sparse files is not\n"
+"          supported in this extraction mode or volume.  These files will be\n"
+"          extracted as non-sparse.",
+                       required_features->not_context_indexed_files);
+       }
+
+       if (required_features->named_data_streams &&
+           !supported_features->named_data_streams)
+       {
+               WARNING(
+          "%lu files contain one or more alternate (named) data streams,\n"
+"          which are not supported in this extraction mode or volume.\n"
+"          Alternate data streams will NOT be extracted.",
+                       required_features->named_data_streams);
+       }
+
+       if (unlikely(extract_flags & (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_HARDLINK |
+                                     WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SYMLINK)) &&
+           required_features->named_data_streams &&
+           supported_features->named_data_streams)
+       {
+               WARNING(
+          "%lu files contain one or more alternate (named) data streams,\n"
+"          which are not supported in linked extraction mode.\n"
+"          Alternate data streams will NOT be extracted.",
+                       required_features->named_data_streams);
+       }
+
+       if (required_features->hard_links && !supported_features->hard_links)
+       {
+               WARNING(
+          "%lu files are hard links, but hard links are not supported in\n"
+"          this extraction mode or volume.  Hard links will be extracted as\n"
+"          duplicate copies of the linked files.",
+                       required_features->hard_links);
+       }
+
+       if (required_features->reparse_points && !supported_features->reparse_points)
+       {
+               if (supported_features->symlink_reparse_points) {
+                       if (required_features->other_reparse_points) {
+                               WARNING(
+          "%lu files are reparse points that are neither symbolic links\n"
+"          nor junction points and are not supported in this extraction mode\n"
+"          or volume.  These reparse points will not be extracted.",
+                                       required_features->other_reparse_points);
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       WARNING(
+          "%lu files are reparse points, which are not supported in this\n"
+"          extraction mode or volume and will not be extracted.",
+                               required_features->reparse_points);
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (required_features->security_descriptors &&
+           !supported_features->security_descriptors)
+       {
+               WARNING(
+          "%lu files have Windows NT security descriptors, but extracting\n"
+"          security descriptors is not supported in this extraction mode\n"
+"          or volume.  No security descriptors will be extracted.",
+                       required_features->security_descriptors);
+       }
+
+       if (required_features->short_names && !supported_features->short_names)
+       {
+               WARNING(
+          "%lu files have short (DOS) names, but extracting short names\n"
+"          is not supported in this extraction mode or volume.  Short names\n"
+"          will not be extracted.\n",
+                       required_features->short_names);
+       }
+
+       if ((extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_UNIX_DATA) &&
+           required_features->unix_data && !supported_features->unix_data)
+       {
+               ERROR("UNIX data not supported in this extraction mode "
+                     "or volume", ops->name);
+               return WIMLIB_ERR_UNSUPPORTED;
+       }
+       if ((extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_SHORT_NAMES) &&
+           required_features->short_names && !supported_features->short_names)
+       {
+               ERROR("Short names are not supported in this extraction "
+                     "mode or volume", ops->name);
+               return WIMLIB_ERR_UNSUPPORTED;
+       }
+       if ((extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_TIMESTAMPS) &&
+           !ops->set_timestamps)
+       {
+               ERROR("Timestamps are not supported in this extraction "
+                     "mode or volume", ops->name);
+               return WIMLIB_ERR_UNSUPPORTED;
+       }
+       if (((extract_flags & (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_ACLS |
+                              WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_UNIX_DATA))
+            == WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_ACLS) &&
+           required_features->security_descriptors &&
+           !supported_features->security_descriptors)
+       {
+               ERROR("Security descriptors not supported in this extraction "
+                     "mode or volume.");
+               return WIMLIB_ERR_UNSUPPORTED;
+       }
+
+       if ((extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_HARDLINK) &&
+           !supported_features->hard_links)
        {
-               utf16lechar utf16_name_copy[dentry->file_name_nbytes / 2];
-
-               memcpy(utf16_name_copy, dentry->file_name, dentry->file_name_nbytes);
-               file_name_valid(utf16_name_copy, dentry->file_name_nbytes / 2, true);
-
-               tchar *tchar_name;
-               size_t tchar_nchars;
-       #ifdef __WIN32__
-               tchar_name = utf16_name_copy;
-               tchar_nchars = dentry->file_name_nbytes / 2;
-       #else
-               ret = utf16le_to_tstr(utf16_name_copy,
-                                     dentry->file_name_nbytes,
-                                     &tchar_name, &tchar_nchars);
-               if (ret)
-                       return ret;
-       #endif
-               size_t fixed_name_num_chars = tchar_nchars;
-               tchar fixed_name[tchar_nchars + 50];
-
-               tmemcpy(fixed_name, tchar_name, tchar_nchars);
-               fixed_name_num_chars += tsprintf(fixed_name + tchar_nchars,
-                                                T(" (invalid filename #%lu)"),
-                                                ++args->invalid_sequence);
-       #ifndef __WIN32__
-               FREE(tchar_name);
-       #endif
-               dentry->extraction_name = memdup(fixed_name, 2 * fixed_name_num_chars + 2);
-               if (!dentry->extraction_name)
-                       return WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
-               dentry->extraction_name_nchars = fixed_name_num_chars;
+               ERROR("Hard link extraction mode requested, but "
+                     "extraction mode or volume does not support hard links!");
+               return WIMLIB_ERR_UNSUPPORTED;
        }
-       return 0;
-skip_dentry:
-       dentry->needs_extraction = 0;
-       dentry->not_extracted = 1;
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-dentry_reset_needs_extraction(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_ignore)
-{
-       struct wim_inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
 
-       dentry->needs_extraction = 0;
-       dentry->not_extracted = 0;
-       inode->i_visited = 0;
-       inode->i_dos_name_extracted = 0;
-       FREE(inode->i_extracted_file);
-       inode->i_extracted_file = NULL;
-       if ((void*)dentry->extraction_name != (void*)dentry->file_name)
-               FREE(dentry->extraction_name);
-       dentry->extraction_name = NULL;
+       if ((extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SYMLINK) &&
+           !supported_features->symlink_reparse_points)
+       {
+               ERROR("Symbolic link extraction mode requested, but "
+                     "extraction mode or volume does not support symbolic "
+                     "links!");
+               return WIMLIB_ERR_UNSUPPORTED;
+       }
        return 0;
 }
 
-#define WINDOWS_NT_MAX_PATH 32768
-
 /*
  * extract_tree - Extract a file or directory tree from the currently selected
  *               WIM image.
  *
  * @wim:       WIMStruct for the WIM file, with the desired image selected
  *             (as wim->current_image).
+ *
  * @wim_source_path:
  *             "Canonical" (i.e. no leading or trailing slashes, path
- *             separators forwald slashes) path inside the WIM image to
+ *             separators WIM_PATH_SEPARATOR) path inside the WIM image to
  *             extract.  An empty string means the full image.
+ *
  * @target:
  *             Filesystem path to extract the file or directory tree to.
+ *             (Or, with WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NTFS: the name of a NTFS volume.)
  *
  * @extract_flags:
  *             WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_*.  Also, the private flag
@@ -671,7 +1854,7 @@ dentry_reset_needs_extraction(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_ignore)
  *
  * @progress_func:
  *             If non-NULL, progress function for the extraction.  The messages
- *             we may in this function are:
+ *             that may be sent in this function are:
  *
  *             WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_TREE_BEGIN or
  *                     WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_IMAGE_BEGIN;
@@ -683,195 +1866,283 @@ dentry_reset_needs_extraction(struct wim_dentry *dentry, void *_ignore)
  *             WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_TREE_END or
  *                     WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_IMAGE_END.
  *
- * Returns 0 on success; nonzero on failure.
+ * Returns 0 on success; a positive WIMLIB_ERR_* code on failure.
  */
 static int
 extract_tree(WIMStruct *wim, const tchar *wim_source_path, const tchar *target,
             int extract_flags, wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
 {
-       int ret;
-       struct list_head stream_list;
-       struct apply_args args;
-       const struct apply_operations *ops;
        struct wim_dentry *root;
+       struct wim_features required_features;
+       struct apply_ctx ctx;
+       int ret;
+       struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;
 
-       memset(&args, 0, sizeof(args));
-
-
-       args.w                      = wim;
-       args.target                 = target;
-       args.target_nchars          = tstrlen(target);
-       args.extract_flags          = extract_flags;
-       args.progress_func          = progress_func;
-
-#ifdef __WIN32__
-       /* Work around defective behavior in Windows where paths longer than 260
-        * characters are not supported by default; instead they need to be
-        * turned into absolute paths and prefixed with "\\?\".  */
-       args.target_lowlevel_path = MALLOC(WINDOWS_NT_MAX_PATH * sizeof(wchar_t));
-       if (!args.target_lowlevel_path)
-       {
-               ret = WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
-               goto out;
-       }
-       args.target_lowlevel_path_nchars =
-               GetFullPathName(args.target, WINDOWS_NT_MAX_PATH - 4,
-                               &args.target_lowlevel_path[4], NULL);
-
-       if (args.target_lowlevel_path_nchars == 0 ||
-           args.target_lowlevel_path_nchars >= WINDOWS_NT_MAX_PATH - 4)
-       {
-               WARNING("Can't get full path name for \"%ls\"", args.target);
-               FREE(args.target_lowlevel_path);
-               args.target_lowlevel_path = NULL;
-       } else {
-               wmemcpy(args.target_lowlevel_path, L"\\\\?\\", 4);
-               args.target_lowlevel_path_nchars += 4;
-       }
-#endif
-
+       /* Start initializing the apply_ctx.  */
+       memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(struct apply_ctx));
+       ctx.wim = wim;
+       ctx.extract_flags = extract_flags;
+       ctx.target = target;
+       ctx.target_nchars = tstrlen(target);
+       ctx.progress_func = progress_func;
        if (progress_func) {
-               args.progress.extract.wimfile_name = wim->filename;
-               args.progress.extract.image = wim->current_image;
-               args.progress.extract.extract_flags = (extract_flags &
-                                                      WIMLIB_EXTRACT_MASK_PUBLIC);
-               args.progress.extract.image_name = wimlib_get_image_name(wim,
-                                                                        wim->current_image);
-               args.progress.extract.extract_root_wim_source_path = wim_source_path;
-               args.progress.extract.target = target;
+               ctx.progress.extract.wimfile_name = wim->filename;
+               ctx.progress.extract.image = wim->current_image;
+               ctx.progress.extract.extract_flags = (extract_flags &
+                                                     WIMLIB_EXTRACT_MASK_PUBLIC);
+               ctx.progress.extract.image_name = wimlib_get_image_name(wim,
+                                                                       wim->current_image);
+               ctx.progress.extract.extract_root_wim_source_path = wim_source_path;
+               ctx.progress.extract.target = target;
        }
+       INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx.stream_list);
 
-#ifdef WITH_NTFS_3G
-       if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NTFS) {
-               args.vol = ntfs_mount(target, 0);
-               if (!args.vol) {
-                       ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to mount NTFS volume `%"TS"'",
-                                        target);
-                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_NTFS_3G;
-                       goto out_free_target_lowlevel_path;
-               }
-               ops = &ntfs_apply_operations;
-       } else
-#endif
-               ops = &normal_apply_operations;
-
+       /* Translate the path to extract into the corresponding
+        * `struct wim_dentry', which will be the root of the
+        * "dentry tree" to extract.  */
        root = get_dentry(wim, wim_source_path);
        if (!root) {
                ERROR("Path \"%"TS"\" does not exist in WIM image %d",
                      wim_source_path, wim->current_image);
                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_PATH_DOES_NOT_EXIST;
-               goto out_ntfs_umount;
+               goto out;
        }
-       args.extract_root = root;
 
-       /* Calculate the actual filename component of each extracted dentry, and
-        * in the process set the dentry->needs_extraction flag on dentries that
-        * will be extracted. */
-       ret = for_dentry_in_tree(root, dentry_calculate_extraction_path, &args);
+       ctx.extract_root = root;
+
+       /* Select the appropriate apply_operations based on the
+        * platform and extract_flags.  */
+#ifdef __WIN32__
+       ctx.ops = &win32_apply_ops;
+#else
+       ctx.ops = &unix_apply_ops;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef WITH_NTFS_3G
+       if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NTFS)
+               ctx.ops = &ntfs_3g_apply_ops;
+#endif
+
+       /* Call the start_extract() callback.  This gives the apply_operations
+        * implementation a chance to do any setup needed to access the volume.
+        * Furthermore, it's expected to set the supported features of this
+        * extraction mode (ctx.supported_features), which are determined at
+        * runtime as they may vary depending on the actual volume.  These
+        * features are then compared with the actual features extracting this
+        * dentry tree requires.  Some mismatches will merely produce warnings
+        * and the unsupported data will be ignored; others will produce errors.
+        */
+       ret = ctx.ops->start_extract(target, &ctx);
+       if (ret)
+               goto out;
+
+       dentry_tree_get_features(root, &required_features);
+       ret = do_feature_check(&required_features, &ctx.supported_features,
+                              extract_flags, ctx.ops);
+       if (ret)
+               goto out_finish_or_abort_extract;
+
+       /* Figure out whether the root dentry is being extracted to the root of
+        * a volume and therefore needs to be treated "specially", for example
+        * not being explicitly created and not having attributes set.  */
+       if (ctx.ops->target_is_root && ctx.ops->root_directory_is_special)
+               ctx.root_dentry_is_special = ctx.ops->target_is_root(target);
+
+       /* Calculate the actual filename component of each extracted dentry.  In
+        * the process, set the dentry->extraction_skipped flag on dentries that
+        * are being skipped for some reason (e.g. invalid filename).  */
+       ret = for_dentry_in_tree(root, dentry_calculate_extraction_path, &ctx);
        if (ret)
                goto out_dentry_reset_needs_extraction;
 
-       /* Build a list of the streams that need to be extracted */
-       ret = find_streams_for_extraction(root,
-                                         &stream_list,
-                                         wim->lookup_table, extract_flags);
+       /* Build the list of the streams that need to be extracted and
+        * initialize ctx.progress.extract with stream information.  */
+       ret = for_dentry_in_tree(ctx.extract_root,
+                                dentry_resolve_and_zero_lte_refcnt, &ctx);
        if (ret)
                goto out_dentry_reset_needs_extraction;
 
-       /* Calculate the number of bytes of data that will be extracted */
-       calculate_bytes_to_extract(&stream_list, extract_flags,
-                                  &args.progress);
+       ret = for_dentry_in_tree(ctx.extract_root,
+                                dentry_add_streams_to_extract, &ctx);
+       if (ret)
+               goto out_teardown_stream_list;
+
+       if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_FROM_PIPE) {
+               /* When extracting from a pipe, the number of bytes of data to
+                * extract can't be determined in the normal way (examining the
+                * lookup table), since at this point all we have is a set of
+                * SHA1 message digests of streams that need to be extracted.
+                * However, we can get a reasonably accurate estimate by taking
+                * <TOTALBYTES> from the corresponding <IMAGE> in the WIM XML
+                * data.  This does assume that a full image is being extracted,
+                * but currently there is no API for doing otherwise.  */
+               ctx.progress.extract.total_bytes =
+                       wim_info_get_image_total_bytes(wim->wim_info,
+                                                      wim->current_image);
+       }
 
+       /* Handle the special case of extracting a file to standard
+        * output.  In that case, "root" should be a single file, not a
+        * directory tree.  (If not, extract_dentry_to_stdout() will
+        * return an error.)  */
        if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_TO_STDOUT) {
                ret = extract_dentry_to_stdout(root);
-               goto out_dentry_reset_needs_extraction;
+               goto out_teardown_stream_list;
        }
 
-       if (progress_func) {
-               progress_func(*wim_source_path ? WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_TREE_BEGIN :
-                             WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_IMAGE_BEGIN,
-                             &args.progress);
+       /* If a sequential extraction was specified, sort the streams to be
+        * extracted by their position in the WIM file so that the WIM file can
+        * be read sequentially.  */
+       if ((extract_flags & (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL |
+                             WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_FROM_PIPE))
+                                       == WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL)
+       {
+               ret = sort_stream_list_by_sequential_order(
+                               &ctx.stream_list,
+                               offsetof(struct wim_lookup_table_entry,
+                                        extraction_list));
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out_teardown_stream_list;
        }
 
-       /* If a sequential extraction was specified, sort the streams to be
-        * extracted by their position in the WIM file, so that the WIM file can
-        * be read sequentially. */
-       if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL) {
-               ret = sort_stream_list_by_wim_position(&stream_list);
-               if (ret != 0) {
-                       WARNING("Falling back to non-sequential extraction");
-                       extract_flags &= ~WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL;
+       if (ctx.ops->realpath_works_on_nonexisting_files &&
+           ((extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX) ||
+            ctx.ops->requires_realtarget_in_paths))
+       {
+               ctx.realtarget = realpath(target, NULL);
+               if (!ctx.realtarget) {
+                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
+                       goto out_teardown_stream_list;
                }
+               ctx.realtarget_nchars = tstrlen(ctx.realtarget);
        }
 
        if (progress_func) {
-               progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_DIR_STRUCTURE_BEGIN,
-                             &args.progress);
+               progress_func(*wim_source_path ? WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_TREE_BEGIN :
+                                                WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_IMAGE_BEGIN,
+                             &ctx.progress);
        }
 
-       /* Make the directory structure and extract empty files */
-       args.extract_flags |= WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NO_STREAMS;
-       args.apply_dentry = ops->apply_dentry;
-       ret = for_dentry_in_tree(root, maybe_apply_dentry, &args);
-       args.extract_flags &= ~WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NO_STREAMS;
-       if (ret)
-               goto out_dentry_reset_needs_extraction;
-
-       if (progress_func) {
-               progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_DIR_STRUCTURE_END,
-                             &args.progress);
+       if (!ctx.root_dentry_is_special)
+       {
+               tchar path[ctx.ops->path_max];
+               if (build_extraction_path(path, root, &ctx))
+               {
+                       ret = extract_inode(path, &ctx, root->d_inode);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto out_free_realtarget;
+               }
        }
 
-       if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX) {
-               args.target_realpath = realpath(target, NULL);
-               if (!args.target_realpath) {
+       /* If we need to fix up the targets of absolute symbolic links
+        * (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX) or the extraction mode requires paths to
+        * be absolute, use realpath() (or its replacement on Windows) to get
+        * the absolute path to the extraction target.  Note that this requires
+        * the target directory to exist, unless
+        * realpath_works_on_nonexisting_files is set in the apply_operations.
+        * */
+       if (!ctx.realtarget &&
+           (((extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX) &&
+             required_features.symlink_reparse_points) ||
+            ctx.ops->requires_realtarget_in_paths))
+       {
+               ctx.realtarget = realpath(target, NULL);
+               if (!ctx.realtarget) {
                        ret = WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
-                       goto out_dentry_reset_needs_extraction;
+                       goto out_free_realtarget;
                }
-               args.target_realpath_len = tstrlen(args.target_realpath);
+               ctx.realtarget_nchars = tstrlen(ctx.realtarget);
        }
 
-       /* Extract non-empty files */
-       ret = apply_stream_list(&stream_list, &args, ops, progress_func);
-       if (ret)
-               goto out_free_target_realpath;
+       /* Finally, the important part: extract the tree of files.  */
+       if (extract_flags & (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL |
+                            WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_FROM_PIPE)) {
+               /* Sequential extraction requested, so two passes are needed
+                * (one for directory structure, one for streams.)  */
+               if (progress_func)
+                       progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_DIR_STRUCTURE_BEGIN,
+                                     &ctx.progress);
+               ret = for_dentry_in_tree(root, dentry_extract_skeleton, &ctx);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out_free_realtarget;
+               if (progress_func)
+                       progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_DIR_STRUCTURE_END,
+                                     &ctx.progress);
+               if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_FROM_PIPE)
+                       ret = extract_streams_from_pipe(&ctx);
+               else
+                       ret = extract_stream_list(&ctx);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out_free_realtarget;
+       } else {
+               /* Sequential extraction was not requested, so we can make do
+                * with one pass where we both create the files and extract
+                * streams.   */
+               if (progress_func)
+                       progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_DIR_STRUCTURE_BEGIN,
+                                     &ctx.progress);
+               ret = for_dentry_in_tree(root, dentry_extract, &ctx);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out_free_realtarget;
+               if (progress_func)
+                       progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_DIR_STRUCTURE_END,
+                                     &ctx.progress);
+       }
 
-       if (progress_func) {
-               progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_APPLY_TIMESTAMPS,
-                             &args.progress);
+       /* If the total number of bytes to extract was miscalculated, just jump
+        * to the calculated number in order to avoid confusing the progress
+        * function.  This should only occur when extracting from a pipe.  */
+       if (ctx.progress.extract.completed_bytes != ctx.progress.extract.total_bytes)
+       {
+               DEBUG("Calculated %"PRIu64" bytes to extract, but actually "
+                     "extracted %"PRIu64,
+                     ctx.progress.extract.total_bytes,
+                     ctx.progress.extract.completed_bytes);
+       }
+       if (progress_func &&
+           ctx.progress.extract.completed_bytes < ctx.progress.extract.total_bytes)
+       {
+               ctx.progress.extract.completed_bytes = ctx.progress.extract.total_bytes;
+               progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_STREAMS, &ctx.progress);
        }
 
-       /* Apply timestamps */
-       ret = for_dentry_in_tree_depth(root,
-                                      ops->apply_dentry_timestamps, &args);
+       /* Apply security descriptors and timestamps.  This is done at the end,
+        * and in a depth-first manner, to prevent timestamps from getting
+        * changed by subsequent extract operations and to minimize the chance
+        * of the restored security descriptors getting in our way.  */
+       if (progress_func)
+               progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_APPLY_TIMESTAMPS,
+                             &ctx.progress);
+       ret = for_dentry_in_tree_depth(root, dentry_extract_final, &ctx);
        if (ret)
-               goto out_free_target_realpath;
+               goto out_free_realtarget;
 
        if (progress_func) {
                progress_func(*wim_source_path ? WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_TREE_END :
                              WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_EXTRACT_IMAGE_END,
-                             &args.progress);
+                             &ctx.progress);
        }
-out_free_target_realpath:
-       FREE(args.target_realpath);
+
+       ret = 0;
+out_free_realtarget:
+       FREE(ctx.realtarget);
+out_teardown_stream_list:
+       /* Free memory allocated as part of the mapping from each
+        * wim_lookup_table_entry to the dentries that reference it.  */
+       if (ctx.extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL)
+               list_for_each_entry(lte, &ctx.stream_list, extraction_list)
+                       if (lte->out_refcnt > ARRAY_LEN(lte->inline_lte_dentries))
+                               FREE(lte->lte_dentries);
 out_dentry_reset_needs_extraction:
        for_dentry_in_tree(root, dentry_reset_needs_extraction, NULL);
-out_ntfs_umount:
-#ifdef WITH_NTFS_3G
-       /* Unmount the NTFS volume */
-       if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NTFS) {
-               if (ntfs_umount(args.vol, FALSE) != 0) {
-                       ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to unmount NTFS volume `%"TS"'",
-                                        args.target);
-                       if (ret == 0)
-                               ret = WIMLIB_ERR_NTFS_3G;
-               }
+out_finish_or_abort_extract:
+       if (ret) {
+               if (ctx.ops->abort_extract)
+                       ctx.ops->abort_extract(&ctx);
+       } else {
+               if (ctx.ops->finish_extract)
+                       ret = ctx.ops->finish_extract(&ctx);
        }
-#endif
-out_free_target_lowlevel_path:
-#ifdef __WIN32__
-       FREE(args.target_lowlevel_path);
-#endif
 out:
        return ret;
 }
@@ -882,7 +2153,6 @@ static int
 check_extract_command(struct wimlib_extract_command *cmd, int wim_header_flags)
 {
        int extract_flags;
-       bool is_entire_image = (cmd->wim_source_path[0] == T('\0'));
 
        /* Empty destination path? */
        if (cmd->fs_dest_path[0] == T('\0'))
@@ -890,77 +2160,61 @@ check_extract_command(struct wimlib_extract_command *cmd, int wim_header_flags)
 
        extract_flags = cmd->extract_flags;
 
-       /* Specified both symlink and hardlink modes? */
+       /* Check for invalid flag combinations  */
        if ((extract_flags &
             (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SYMLINK |
              WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_HARDLINK)) == (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SYMLINK |
                                                 WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_HARDLINK))
                return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
 
-#ifdef __WIN32__
-       /* Wanted UNIX data on Windows? */
-       if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_UNIX_DATA) {
-               ERROR("Extracting UNIX data is not supported on Windows");
+       if ((extract_flags &
+            (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NO_ACLS |
+             WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_ACLS)) == (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NO_ACLS |
+                                                   WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_STRICT_ACLS))
                return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
-       }
-       /* Wanted linked extraction on Windows?  (XXX This is possible, just not
-        * implemented yet.) */
-       if (extract_flags & (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SYMLINK |
-                            WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_HARDLINK))
-       {
-               ERROR("Linked extraction modes are not supported on Windows");
+
+       if ((extract_flags &
+            (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX |
+             WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NORPFIX)) == (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX |
+                                               WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NORPFIX))
                return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
-       }
-#endif
 
        if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NTFS) {
-               /* NTFS-3g extraction mode requested */
-#ifdef WITH_NTFS_3G
-               if ((extract_flags & (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SYMLINK |
-                                     WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_HARDLINK))) {
-                       ERROR("Cannot specify symlink or hardlink flags when applying\n"
-                             "        directly to a NTFS volume");
-                       return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
-               }
-               if (!is_entire_image &&
-                   (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NTFS))
-               {
-                       ERROR("When applying directly to a NTFS volume you can "
-                             "only extract a full image, not part of one");
-                       return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
-               }
-               if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_UNIX_DATA) {
-                       ERROR("Cannot restore UNIX-specific data in "
-                             "the NTFS extraction mode");
-                       return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
-               }
-#else
-               ERROR("wimlib was compiled without support for NTFS-3g, so");
-               ERROR("we cannot apply a WIM image directly to a NTFS volume");
+#ifndef WITH_NTFS_3G
+               ERROR("wimlib was compiled without support for NTFS-3g, so\n"
+                     "        we cannot apply a WIM image directly to a NTFS volume.");
                return WIMLIB_ERR_UNSUPPORTED;
 #endif
        }
 
-       if ((extract_flags & (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX |
-                             WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NORPFIX)) ==
-               (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX | WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NORPFIX))
-       {
-               ERROR("Cannot specify RPFIX and NORPFIX flags at the same time!");
-               return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
-       }
-
        if ((extract_flags & (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX |
                              WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NORPFIX)) == 0)
        {
                /* Do reparse point fixups by default if the WIM header says
                 * they are enabled and we are extracting a full image. */
-               if ((wim_header_flags & WIM_HDR_FLAG_RP_FIX) && is_entire_image)
+               if (wim_header_flags & WIM_HDR_FLAG_RP_FIX)
                        extract_flags |= WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX;
        }
 
-       if (!is_entire_image && (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_RPFIX)) {
-               ERROR("Cannot specify --rpfix when not extracting entire image");
-               return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
+       /* TODO: Since UNIX data entries are stored in the file resources, in a
+        * completely sequential extraction they may come up before the
+        * corresponding file or symbolic link data.  This needs to be handled
+        * better.  */
+       if ((extract_flags & (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_UNIX_DATA |
+                             WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL))
+                                   == (WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_UNIX_DATA |
+                                       WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL))
+       {
+               if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_FROM_PIPE) {
+                       WARNING("Setting UNIX file/owner group may "
+                               "be impossible on some\n"
+                               "          symbolic links "
+                               "when applying from a pipe.");
+               } else {
+                       extract_flags &= ~WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL;
+                       WARNING("Disabling sequential extraction for "
+                               "UNIX data mode");
+               }
        }
 
        cmd->extract_flags = extract_flags;
@@ -968,7 +2222,8 @@ check_extract_command(struct wimlib_extract_command *cmd, int wim_header_flags)
 }
 
 
-/* Internal function to execute extraction commands for a WIM image. */
+/* Internal function to execute extraction commands for a WIM image.  The paths
+ * in the extract commands are expected to be already "canonicalized".  */
 static int
 do_wimlib_extract_files(WIMStruct *wim,
                        int image,
@@ -986,7 +2241,7 @@ do_wimlib_extract_files(WIMStruct *wim,
                return ret;
 
        /* Make sure there are no streams in the WIM that have not been
-        * checksummed yet. */
+        * checksummed yet.  */
        ret = wim_checksum_unhashed_streams(wim);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
@@ -1022,7 +2277,7 @@ do_wimlib_extract_files(WIMStruct *wim,
        return 0;
 }
 
-/* Extract files or directories from a WIM image. */
+/* API function documented in wimlib.h  */
 WIMLIBAPI int
 wimlib_extract_files(WIMStruct *wim,
                     int image,
@@ -1168,12 +2423,16 @@ extract_all_images(WIMStruct *wim,
        const tchar *image_name;
        struct stat stbuf;
 
+       extract_flags |= WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_MULTI_IMAGE;
+
+       if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_NTFS) {
+               ERROR("Cannot extract multiple images in NTFS extraction mode.");
+               return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
+       }
+
        if (tstat(target, &stbuf)) {
-               if (errno == ENOENT)
-               {
-                       if (tmkdir(target, S_IRWXU | S_IRGRP | S_IXGRP |
-                                          S_IROTH | S_IXOTH))
-                       {
+               if (errno == ENOENT) {
+                       if (tmkdir(target, 0755)) {
                                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to create directory \"%"TS"\"", target);
                                return WIMLIB_ERR_MKDIR;
                        }
@@ -1205,31 +2464,31 @@ extract_all_images(WIMStruct *wim,
        return 0;
 }
 
-/* Extracts a single image or all images from a WIM file to a directory or NTFS
- * volume. */
-WIMLIBAPI int
-wimlib_extract_image(WIMStruct *wim,
-                    int image,
-                    const tchar *target,
-                    int extract_flags,
-                    WIMStruct **additional_swms,
-                    unsigned num_additional_swms,
-                    wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
+static int
+do_wimlib_extract_image(WIMStruct *wim,
+                       int image,
+                       const tchar *target,
+                       int extract_flags,
+                       WIMStruct **additional_swms,
+                       unsigned num_additional_swms,
+                       wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
 {
        int ret;
 
-       extract_flags &= WIMLIB_EXTRACT_MASK_PUBLIC;
-
-       ret = verify_swm_set(wim, additional_swms, num_additional_swms);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
+       if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_FROM_PIPE) {
+               wimlib_assert(wim->hdr.part_number == 1);
+               wimlib_assert(num_additional_swms == 0);
+       } else {
+               ret = verify_swm_set(wim, additional_swms, num_additional_swms);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
 
-       if (num_additional_swms)
-               merge_lookup_tables(wim, additional_swms, num_additional_swms);
+               if (num_additional_swms)
+                       merge_lookup_tables(wim, additional_swms, num_additional_swms);
+       }
 
        if (image == WIMLIB_ALL_IMAGES) {
-               ret = extract_all_images(wim, target,
-                                        extract_flags | WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_MULTI_IMAGE,
+               ret = extract_all_images(wim, target, extract_flags,
                                         progress_func);
        } else {
                ret = extract_single_image(wim, image, target, extract_flags,
@@ -1247,3 +2506,176 @@ wimlib_extract_image(WIMStruct *wim,
                unmerge_lookup_table(wim);
        return ret;
 }
+
+/* API function documented in wimlib.h  */
+WIMLIBAPI int
+wimlib_extract_image_from_pipe(int pipe_fd, const tchar *image_num_or_name,
+                              const tchar *target, int extract_flags,
+                              wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
+{
+       int ret;
+       WIMStruct *pwm;
+       struct filedes *in_fd;
+       int image;
+       unsigned i;
+
+       extract_flags &= WIMLIB_EXTRACT_MASK_PUBLIC;
+
+       if (extract_flags & WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_TO_STDOUT)
+               return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
+
+       extract_flags |= WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL;
+
+       /* Read the WIM header from the pipe and get a WIMStruct to represent
+        * the pipable WIM.  Caveats:  Unlike getting a WIMStruct with
+        * wimlib_open_wim(), getting a WIMStruct in this way will result in
+        * an empty lookup table, no XML data read, and no filename set.  */
+       ret = open_wim_as_WIMStruct(&pipe_fd,
+                                   WIMLIB_OPEN_FLAG_FROM_PIPE |
+                                               WIMLIB_OPEN_FLAG_SPLIT_OK,
+                                   &pwm, progress_func);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       /* Sanity check to make sure this is a pipable WIM.  */
+       if (pwm->hdr.magic != PWM_MAGIC) {
+               ERROR("The WIM being read from file descriptor %d "
+                     "is not pipable!", pipe_fd);
+               ret = WIMLIB_ERR_NOT_PIPABLE;
+               goto out_wimlib_free;
+       }
+
+       /* Sanity check to make sure the first part of a pipable split WIM is
+        * sent over the pipe first.  */
+       if (pwm->hdr.part_number != 1) {
+               ERROR("The first part of the split WIM must be "
+                     "sent over the pipe first.");
+               ret = WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PIPABLE_WIM;
+               goto out_wimlib_free;
+       }
+
+       in_fd = &pwm->in_fd;
+       wimlib_assert(in_fd->offset == WIM_HEADER_DISK_SIZE);
+
+       /* As mentioned, the WIMStruct we created from the pipe does not have
+        * XML data yet.  Fix this by reading the extra copy of the XML data
+        * that directly follows the header in pipable WIMs.  (Note: see
+        * write_pipable_wim() for more details about the format of pipable
+        * WIMs.)  */
+       {
+               struct wim_lookup_table_entry xml_lte;
+               ret = read_pwm_stream_header(pwm, &xml_lte, false);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out_wimlib_free;
+
+               if (!(xml_lte.resource_entry.flags & WIM_RESHDR_FLAG_METADATA))
+               {
+                       ERROR("Expected XML data, but found non-metadata "
+                             "stream.");
+                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PIPABLE_WIM;
+                       goto out_wimlib_free;
+               }
+
+               copy_resource_entry(&pwm->hdr.xml_res_entry,
+                                   &xml_lte.resource_entry);
+
+               ret = read_wim_xml_data(pwm);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out_wimlib_free;
+               if (wim_info_get_num_images(pwm->wim_info) != pwm->hdr.image_count) {
+                       ERROR("Image count in XML data is not the same as in WIM header.");
+                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_XML;
+                       goto out_wimlib_free;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* Get image index (this may use the XML data that was just read to
+        * resolve an image name).  */
+       if (image_num_or_name) {
+               image = wimlib_resolve_image(pwm, image_num_or_name);
+               if (image == WIMLIB_NO_IMAGE) {
+                       ERROR("\"%"TS"\" is not a valid image in the pipable WIM!",
+                             image_num_or_name);
+                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_IMAGE;
+                       goto out_wimlib_free;
+               } else if (image == WIMLIB_ALL_IMAGES) {
+                       ERROR("Applying all images from a pipe is not supported.");
+                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_IMAGE;
+                       goto out_wimlib_free;
+               }
+       } else {
+               if (pwm->hdr.image_count != 1) {
+                       ERROR("No image was specified, but the pipable WIM "
+                             "did not contain exactly 1 image");
+                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_IMAGE;
+                       goto out_wimlib_free;
+               }
+               image = 1;
+       }
+
+       /* Load the needed metadata resource.  */
+       for (i = 1; i <= pwm->hdr.image_count; i++) {
+               struct wim_lookup_table_entry *metadata_lte;
+               struct wim_image_metadata *imd;
+
+               metadata_lte = new_lookup_table_entry();
+               if (!metadata_lte) {
+                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
+                       goto out_wimlib_free;
+               }
+
+               ret = read_pwm_stream_header(pwm, metadata_lte, false);
+               imd = pwm->image_metadata[i - 1];
+               imd->metadata_lte = metadata_lte;
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out_wimlib_free;
+
+               if (!(metadata_lte->resource_entry.flags &
+                     WIM_RESHDR_FLAG_METADATA))
+               {
+                       ERROR("Expected metadata resource, but found "
+                             "non-metadata stream.");
+                       ret = WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PIPABLE_WIM;
+                       goto out_wimlib_free;
+               }
+
+               if (i == image) {
+                       /* Metadata resource is for the images being extracted.
+                        * Parse it and save the metadata in memory.  */
+                       ret = read_metadata_resource(pwm, imd);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto out_wimlib_free;
+                       imd->modified = 1;
+               } else {
+                       /* Metadata resource is not for the image being
+                        * extracted.  Skip over it.  */
+                       ret = skip_pwm_stream(metadata_lte);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto out_wimlib_free;
+               }
+       }
+       /* Extract the image.  */
+       extract_flags |= WIMLIB_EXTRACT_FLAG_FROM_PIPE;
+       ret = do_wimlib_extract_image(pwm, image, target,
+                                     extract_flags, NULL, 0, progress_func);
+       /* Clean up and return.  */
+out_wimlib_free:
+       wimlib_free(pwm);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+/* API function documented in wimlib.h  */
+WIMLIBAPI int
+wimlib_extract_image(WIMStruct *wim,
+                    int image,
+                    const tchar *target,
+                    int extract_flags,
+                    WIMStruct **additional_swms,
+                    unsigned num_additional_swms,
+                    wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
+{
+       extract_flags &= WIMLIB_EXTRACT_MASK_PUBLIC;
+       return do_wimlib_extract_image(wim, image, target, extract_flags,
+                                      additional_swms, num_additional_swms,
+                                      progress_func);
+}