[wimlib] / src / write.c

/*
 * write.c
 *
 * Support for writing WIM files; write a WIM file, overwrite a WIM file, write
 * compressed file resources, etc.
 */

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2012, 2013 Eric Biggers
 *
 * This file is part of wimlib, a library for working with WIM files.
 *
 * wimlib is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
 * terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
 * Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option)
 * any later version.
 *
 * wimlib is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
 * WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
 * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more
 * details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with wimlib; if not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
 */

#include "config.h"

#if defined(HAVE_SYS_FILE_H) && defined(HAVE_FLOCK)
/* On BSD, this should be included before "list.h" so that "list.h" can
 * overwrite the LIST_HEAD macro. */
#  include <sys/file.h>
#endif

#ifdef __WIN32__
#  include "win32.h"
#endif

#include "list.h"
#include "wimlib_internal.h"
#include "buffer_io.h"
#include "dentry.h"
#include "lookup_table.h"
#include "xml.h"

#ifdef ENABLE_MULTITHREADED_COMPRESSION
#  include <pthread.h>
#endif

#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>

#ifdef WITH_NTFS_3G
#  include <time.h>
#  include <ntfs-3g/attrib.h>
#  include <ntfs-3g/inode.h>
#  include <ntfs-3g/dir.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
#  include <alloca.h>
#else
#  include <stdlib.h>
#endif

#include <limits.h>

#if defined(__WIN32__) && !defined(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
#  define INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ((HANDLE)(-1))
#endif

/* Chunk table that's located at the beginning of each compressed resource in
 * the WIM.  (This is not the on-disk format; the on-disk format just has an
 * array of offsets.) */
struct chunk_table {
        off_t file_offset;
        u64 num_chunks;
        u64 original_resource_size;
        u64 bytes_per_chunk_entry;
        u64 table_disk_size;
        u64 cur_offset;
        u64 *cur_offset_p;
        u64 offsets[0];
};

/*
 * Allocates and initializes a chunk table, and reserves space for it in the
 * output file.
 */
static int
begin_wim_resource_chunk_tab(const struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte,
                             FILE *out_fp,
                             off_t file_offset,
                             struct chunk_table **chunk_tab_ret)
{
        u64 size = wim_resource_size(lte);
        u64 num_chunks = (size + WIM_CHUNK_SIZE - 1) / WIM_CHUNK_SIZE;
        size_t alloc_size = sizeof(struct chunk_table) + num_chunks * sizeof(u64);
        struct chunk_table *chunk_tab = CALLOC(1, alloc_size);
        int ret;

        if (!chunk_tab) {
                ERROR("Failed to allocate chunk table for %"PRIu64" byte "
                      "resource", size);
                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
                goto out;
        }
        chunk_tab->file_offset = file_offset;
        chunk_tab->num_chunks = num_chunks;
        chunk_tab->original_resource_size = size;
        chunk_tab->bytes_per_chunk_entry = (size >= (1ULL << 32)) ? 8 : 4;
        chunk_tab->table_disk_size = chunk_tab->bytes_per_chunk_entry *
                                     (num_chunks - 1);
        chunk_tab->cur_offset = 0;
        chunk_tab->cur_offset_p = chunk_tab->offsets;

        if (fwrite(chunk_tab, 1, chunk_tab->table_disk_size, out_fp) !=
                   chunk_tab->table_disk_size) {
                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to write chunk table in compressed "
                                 "file resource");
                FREE(chunk_tab);
                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
                goto out;
        }

        ret = 0;
        *chunk_tab_ret = chunk_tab;
out:
        return ret;
}

/*
 * compress_func_t- Pointer to a function to compresses a chunk
 *                  of a WIM resource.  This may be either
 *                  wimlib_xpress_compress() (xpress-compress.c) or
 *                  wimlib_lzx_compress() (lzx-compress.c).
 *
 * @chunk:        Uncompressed data of the chunk.
 * @chunk_size:   Size of the uncompressed chunk, in bytes.
 * @out:          Pointer to output buffer of size at least (@chunk_size - 1) bytes.
 *
 * Returns the size of the compressed data written to @out in bytes, or 0 if the
 * data could not be compressed to (@chunk_size - 1) bytes or fewer.
 *
 * As a special requirement, the compression code is optimized for the WIM
 * format and therefore requires (@chunk_size <= 32768).
 *
 * As another special requirement, the compression code will read up to 8 bytes
 * off the end of the @chunk array for performance reasons.  The values of these
 * bytes will not affect the output of the compression, but the calling code
 * must make sure that the buffer holding the uncompressed chunk is actually at
 * least (@chunk_size + 8) bytes, or at least that these extra bytes are in
 * mapped memory that will not cause a memory access violation if accessed.
 */
typedef unsigned (*compress_func_t)(const void *chunk, unsigned chunk_size,
                                    void *out);

compress_func_t
get_compress_func(int out_ctype)
{
        if (out_ctype == WIMLIB_COMPRESSION_TYPE_LZX)
                return wimlib_lzx_compress;
        else
                return wimlib_xpress_compress;
}

/*
 * Writes a chunk of a WIM resource to an output file.
 *
 * @chunk:        Uncompressed data of the chunk.
 * @chunk_size:   Size of the chunk (<= WIM_CHUNK_SIZE)
 * @out_fp:       FILE * to write the chunk to.
 * @compress:     Compression function to use (NULL if writing uncompressed
 *                      data).
 * @chunk_tab:    Pointer to chunk table being created.  It is updated with the
 *                      offset of the chunk we write.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success; nonzero on failure.
 */
static int
write_wim_resource_chunk(const void *chunk, unsigned chunk_size,
                         FILE *out_fp, compress_func_t compress,
                         struct chunk_table *chunk_tab)
{
        const u8 *out_chunk;
        unsigned out_chunk_size;
        if (compress) {
                u8 *compressed_chunk = alloca(chunk_size);

                out_chunk_size = compress(chunk, chunk_size, compressed_chunk);
                if (out_chunk_size) {
                        /* Write compressed */
                        out_chunk = compressed_chunk;
                } else {
                        /* Write uncompressed */
                        out_chunk = chunk;
                        out_chunk_size = chunk_size;
                }
                *chunk_tab->cur_offset_p++ = chunk_tab->cur_offset;
                chunk_tab->cur_offset += out_chunk_size;
        } else {
                /* Write uncompressed */
                out_chunk = chunk;
                out_chunk_size = chunk_size;
        }
        if (fwrite(out_chunk, 1, out_chunk_size, out_fp) != out_chunk_size) {
                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to write WIM resource chunk");
                return WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * Finishes a WIM chunk table and writes it to the output file at the correct
 * offset.
 *
 * The final size of the full compressed resource is returned in the
 * @compressed_size_p.
 */
static int
finish_wim_resource_chunk_tab(struct chunk_table *chunk_tab,
                              FILE *out_fp, u64 *compressed_size_p)
{
        size_t bytes_written;
        if (fseeko(out_fp, chunk_tab->file_offset, SEEK_SET) != 0) {
                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to seek to byte %"PRIu64" of output "
                                 "WIM file", chunk_tab->file_offset);
                return WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
        }

        if (chunk_tab->bytes_per_chunk_entry == 8) {
                array_cpu_to_le64(chunk_tab->offsets, chunk_tab->num_chunks);
        } else {
                for (u64 i = 0; i < chunk_tab->num_chunks; i++)
                        ((u32*)chunk_tab->offsets)[i] =
                                cpu_to_le32(chunk_tab->offsets[i]);
        }
        bytes_written = fwrite((u8*)chunk_tab->offsets +
                                        chunk_tab->bytes_per_chunk_entry,
                               1, chunk_tab->table_disk_size, out_fp);
        if (bytes_written != chunk_tab->table_disk_size) {
                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to write chunk table in compressed "
                                 "file resource");
                return WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
        }
        if (fseeko(out_fp, 0, SEEK_END) != 0) {
                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to seek to end of output WIM file");
                return WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
        }
        *compressed_size_p = chunk_tab->cur_offset + chunk_tab->table_disk_size;
        return 0;
}

static int
finalize_and_check_sha1(SHA_CTX *sha_ctx, struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte)
{
        u8 md[SHA1_HASH_SIZE];
        sha1_final(md, sha_ctx);
        if (lte->unhashed) {
                copy_hash(lte->hash, md);
        } else if (!hashes_equal(md, lte->hash)) {
                ERROR("WIM resource has incorrect hash!");
                if (lte_filename_valid(lte)) {
                        ERROR("We were reading it from \"%"TS"\"; maybe "
                              "it changed while we were reading it.",
                              lte->file_on_disk);
                }
                return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_RESOURCE_HASH;
        }
        return 0;
}


struct write_resource_ctx {
        compress_func_t compress;
        struct chunk_table *chunk_tab;
        FILE *out_fp;
        SHA_CTX sha_ctx;
        bool doing_sha;
};

static int
write_resource_cb(const void *chunk, size_t chunk_size, void *_ctx)
{
        struct write_resource_ctx *ctx = _ctx;

        if (ctx->doing_sha)
                sha1_update(&ctx->sha_ctx, chunk, chunk_size);

        if (ctx->compress) {
                return write_wim_resource_chunk(chunk, chunk_size,
                                                ctx->out_fp, ctx->compress,
                                                ctx->chunk_tab);
        } else {
                if (fwrite(chunk, 1, chunk_size, ctx->out_fp) != chunk_size) {
                        ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Error writing to output WIM");
                        return WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
                } else {
                        return 0;
                }
        }
}

/*
 * Write a resource to an output WIM.
 *
 * @lte:  Lookup table entry for the resource, which could be in another WIM,
 *        in an external file, or in another location.
 *
 * @out_fp:  FILE * opened to the output WIM.
 *
 * @out_ctype:  One of the WIMLIB_COMPRESSION_TYPE_* constants to indicate
 *              which compression algorithm to use.
 *
 * @out_res_entry:  On success, this is filled in with the offset, flags,
 *                  compressed size, and uncompressed size of the resource
 *                  in the output WIM.
 *
 * @flags:  WIMLIB_RESOURCE_FLAG_RECOMPRESS to force data to be recompressed
 *          even if it could otherwise be copied directly from the input.
 *
 * Additional notes:  The SHA1 message digest of the uncompressed data is
 * calculated (except when doing a raw copy --- see below).  If the @unhashed
 * flag is set on the lookup table entry, this message digest is simply copied
 * to it; otherwise, the message digest is compared with the existing one, and
 * the function will fail if they do not match.
 */
int
write_wim_resource(struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte,
                   FILE *out_fp, int out_ctype,
                   struct resource_entry *out_res_entry,
                   int flags)
{
        struct write_resource_ctx write_ctx;
        u64 read_size;
        u64 new_size;
        off_t offset;
        int ret;

        flags &= ~WIMLIB_RESOURCE_FLAG_RECOMPRESS;

        /* Get current position in output WIM */
        offset = ftello(out_fp);
        if (offset == -1) {
                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Can't get position in output WIM");
                return WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
        }

        /* If we are not forcing the data to be recompressed, and the input
         * resource is located in a WIM with the same compression type as that
         * desired other than no compression, we can simply copy the compressed
         * data without recompressing it.  This also means we must skip
         * calculating the SHA1, as we never will see the uncompressed data. */
        if (!(flags & WIMLIB_RESOURCE_FLAG_RECOMPRESS) &&
            lte->resource_location == RESOURCE_IN_WIM &&
            out_ctype != WIMLIB_COMPRESSION_TYPE_NONE &&
            wimlib_get_compression_type(lte->wim) == out_ctype)
        {
                flags |= WIMLIB_RESOURCE_FLAG_RAW;
                write_ctx.doing_sha = false;
                read_size = lte->resource_entry.size;
        } else {
                write_ctx.doing_sha = true;
                sha1_init(&write_ctx.sha_ctx);
                read_size = lte->resource_entry.original_size;
        }

        /* Initialize the chunk table and set the compression function if
         * compressing the resource. */
        if (out_ctype == WIMLIB_COMPRESSION_TYPE_NONE ||
            (flags & WIMLIB_RESOURCE_FLAG_RAW)) {
                write_ctx.compress = NULL;
                write_ctx.chunk_tab = NULL;
        } else {
                write_ctx.compress = get_compress_func(out_ctype);
                ret = begin_wim_resource_chunk_tab(lte, out_fp,
                                                   offset,
                                                   &write_ctx.chunk_tab);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }

        /* Write the entire resource by reading the entire resource and feeding
         * the data through the write_resource_cb function. */
        write_ctx.out_fp = out_fp;
try_write_again:
        ret = read_resource_prefix(lte, read_size,
                                   write_resource_cb, &write_ctx, flags);
        if (ret)
                goto out_free_chunk_tab;

        /* Verify SHA1 message digest of the resource, or set the hash for the
         * first time. */
        if (write_ctx.doing_sha) {
                ret = finalize_and_check_sha1(&write_ctx.sha_ctx, lte);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_free_chunk_tab;
        }

        out_res_entry->flags = lte->resource_entry.flags;
        out_res_entry->original_size = wim_resource_size(lte);
        out_res_entry->offset = offset;
        if (flags & WIMLIB_RESOURCE_FLAG_RAW) {
                /* Doing a raw write:  The new compressed size is the same as
                 * the compressed size in the other WIM. */
                new_size = lte->resource_entry.size;
        } else if (out_ctype == WIMLIB_COMPRESSION_TYPE_NONE) {
                /* Using WIMLIB_COMPRESSION_TYPE_NONE:  The new compressed size
                 * is the original size. */
                new_size = lte->resource_entry.original_size;
                out_res_entry->flags &= ~WIM_RESHDR_FLAG_COMPRESSED;
        } else {
                /* Using a different compression type:  Call
                 * finish_wim_resource_chunk_tab() and it will provide the new
                 * compressed size. */
                ret = finish_wim_resource_chunk_tab(write_ctx.chunk_tab, out_fp,
                                                    &new_size);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_free_chunk_tab;
                if (new_size >= wim_resource_size(lte)) {
                        /* Oops!  We compressed the resource to larger than the original
                         * size.  Write the resource uncompressed instead. */
                        if (fseeko(out_fp, offset, SEEK_SET) ||
                            fflush(out_fp) ||
                            ftruncate(fileno(out_fp),
                                      offset + wim_resource_size(lte)))
                        {
                                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to flush and/or truncate "
                                                 "output WIM file");
                                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
                                goto out_free_chunk_tab;
                        }
                        DEBUG("Compressed %"PRIu64" => %"PRIu64" bytes; "
                              "writing uncompressed instead",
                              wim_resource_size(lte), new_size);
                        write_ctx.compress = NULL;
                        write_ctx.doing_sha = false;
                        out_ctype = WIMLIB_COMPRESSION_TYPE_NONE;
                        goto try_write_again;
                }
                out_res_entry->flags |= WIM_RESHDR_FLAG_COMPRESSED;
        }
        out_res_entry->size = new_size;
        ret = 0;
out_free_chunk_tab:
        FREE(write_ctx.chunk_tab);
        return ret;
}

#ifdef ENABLE_MULTITHREADED_COMPRESSION

/* Blocking shared queue (solves the producer-consumer problem) */
struct shared_queue {
        unsigned size;
        unsigned front;
        unsigned back;
        unsigned filled_slots;
        void **array;
        pthread_mutex_t lock;
        pthread_cond_t msg_avail_cond;
        pthread_cond_t space_avail_cond;
};

static int
shared_queue_init(struct shared_queue *q, unsigned size)
{
        wimlib_assert(size != 0);
        q->array = CALLOC(sizeof(q->array[0]), size);
        if (!q->array)
                return WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
        q->filled_slots = 0;
        q->front = 0;
        q->back = size - 1;
        q->size = size;
        pthread_mutex_init(&q->lock, NULL);
        pthread_cond_init(&q->msg_avail_cond, NULL);
        pthread_cond_init(&q->space_avail_cond, NULL);
        return 0;
}

static void
shared_queue_destroy(struct shared_queue *q)
{
        FREE(q->array);
        pthread_mutex_destroy(&q->lock);
        pthread_cond_destroy(&q->msg_avail_cond);
        pthread_cond_destroy(&q->space_avail_cond);
}

static void
shared_queue_put(struct shared_queue *q, void *obj)
{
        pthread_mutex_lock(&q->lock);
        while (q->filled_slots == q->size)
                pthread_cond_wait(&q->space_avail_cond, &q->lock);

        q->back = (q->back + 1) % q->size;
        q->array[q->back] = obj;
        q->filled_slots++;

        pthread_cond_broadcast(&q->msg_avail_cond);
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&q->lock);
}

static void *
shared_queue_get(struct shared_queue *q)
{
        void *obj;

        pthread_mutex_lock(&q->lock);
        while (q->filled_slots == 0)
                pthread_cond_wait(&q->msg_avail_cond, &q->lock);

        obj = q->array[q->front];
        q->array[q->front] = NULL;
        q->front = (q->front + 1) % q->size;
        q->filled_slots--;

        pthread_cond_broadcast(&q->space_avail_cond);
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&q->lock);
        return obj;
}

struct compressor_thread_params {
        struct shared_queue *res_to_compress_queue;
        struct shared_queue *compressed_res_queue;
        compress_func_t compress;
};

#define MAX_CHUNKS_PER_MSG 2

struct message {
        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;
        u8 *uncompressed_chunks[MAX_CHUNKS_PER_MSG];
        u8 *out_compressed_chunks[MAX_CHUNKS_PER_MSG];
        u8 *compressed_chunks[MAX_CHUNKS_PER_MSG];
        unsigned uncompressed_chunk_sizes[MAX_CHUNKS_PER_MSG];
        unsigned compressed_chunk_sizes[MAX_CHUNKS_PER_MSG];
        unsigned num_chunks;
        struct list_head list;
        bool complete;
        u64 begin_chunk;
};

static void
compress_chunks(struct message *msg, compress_func_t compress)
{
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < msg->num_chunks; i++) {
                DEBUG2("compress chunk %u of %u", i, msg->num_chunks);
                unsigned len = compress(msg->uncompressed_chunks[i],
                                        msg->uncompressed_chunk_sizes[i],
                                        msg->compressed_chunks[i]);
                if (len) {
                        /* To be written compressed */
                        msg->out_compressed_chunks[i] = msg->compressed_chunks[i];
                        msg->compressed_chunk_sizes[i] = len;
                } else {
                        /* To be written uncompressed */
                        msg->out_compressed_chunks[i] = msg->uncompressed_chunks[i];
                        msg->compressed_chunk_sizes[i] = msg->uncompressed_chunk_sizes[i];

                }
        }
}

/* Compressor thread routine.  This is a lot simpler than the main thread
 * routine: just repeatedly get a group of chunks from the
 * res_to_compress_queue, compress them, and put them in the
 * compressed_res_queue.  A NULL pointer indicates that the thread should stop.
 * */
static void *
compressor_thread_proc(void *arg)
{
        struct compressor_thread_params *params = arg;
        struct shared_queue *res_to_compress_queue = params->res_to_compress_queue;
        struct shared_queue *compressed_res_queue = params->compressed_res_queue;
        compress_func_t compress = params->compress;
        struct message *msg;

        DEBUG("Compressor thread ready");
        while ((msg = shared_queue_get(res_to_compress_queue)) != NULL) {
                compress_chunks(msg, compress);
                shared_queue_put(compressed_res_queue, msg);
        }
        DEBUG("Compressor thread terminating");
        return NULL;
}
#endif /* ENABLE_MULTITHREADED_COMPRESSION */

static void
do_write_streams_progress(union wimlib_progress_info *progress,
                          wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func,
                          uint64_t size_added)
{
        progress->write_streams.completed_bytes += size_added;
        progress->write_streams.completed_streams++;
        if (progress_func &&
            progress->write_streams.completed_bytes >= progress->write_streams._private)
        {
                progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_WRITE_STREAMS,
                              progress);
                if (progress->write_streams._private == progress->write_streams.total_bytes) {
                        progress->write_streams._private = ~0;
                } else {
                        progress->write_streams._private =
                                min(progress->write_streams.total_bytes,
                                    progress->write_streams.completed_bytes +
                                        progress->write_streams.total_bytes / 100);
                }
        }
}

static int
do_write_stream_list(struct list_head *stream_list,
                     struct wim_lookup_table *lookup_table,
                     FILE *out_fp,
                     int out_ctype,
                     int write_resource_flags,
                     wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func,
                     union wimlib_progress_info *progress)
{
        int ret = 0;
        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;

        /* For each stream in @stream_list ... */
        while (!list_empty(stream_list)) {
                lte = container_of(stream_list->next,
                                   struct wim_lookup_table_entry,
                                   write_streams_list);
                list_del(&lte->write_streams_list);
                if (lte->unhashed && !lte->unique_size) {
                        /* Unhashed stream that shares a size with some other
                         * stream in the WIM we are writing.  The stream must be
                         * checksummed to know if we need to write it or not. */
                        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *tmp;
                        u32 orig_refcnt = lte->out_refcnt;

                        ret = hash_unhashed_stream(lte,
                                                   lookup_table,
                                                   &tmp);
                        if (ret)
                                break;
                        if (tmp != lte) {
                                lte = tmp;
                                /* We found a duplicate stream. */
                                if (orig_refcnt != tmp->out_refcnt) {
                                        /* We have already written, or are going
                                         * to write, the duplicate stream.  So
                                         * just skip to the next stream. */
                                        DEBUG("Discarding duplicate stream of length %"PRIu64,
                                              wim_resource_size(lte));
                                        goto skip_to_progress;
                                }
                        }
                }

                /* Here, @lte is either a hashed stream or an unhashed stream
                 * with a unique size.  In either case we know that the stream
                 * has to be written.  In either case the SHA1 message digest
                 * will be calculated over the stream while writing it; however,
                 * in the former case this is done merely to check the data,
                 * while in the latter case this is done because we do not have
                 * the SHA1 message digest yet.  */
                wimlib_assert(lte->out_refcnt != 0);
                ret = write_wim_resource(lte,
                                         out_fp,
                                         out_ctype,
                                         &lte->output_resource_entry,
                                         write_resource_flags);
                if (ret)
                        break;
                if (lte->unhashed) {
                        list_del(&lte->unhashed_list);
                        lookup_table_insert(lookup_table, lte);
                        lte->unhashed = 0;
                }
        skip_to_progress:
                do_write_streams_progress(progress,
                                          progress_func,
                                          wim_resource_size(lte));
        }
        return ret;
}

static int
write_stream_list_serial(struct list_head *stream_list,
                         struct wim_lookup_table *lookup_table,
                         FILE *out_fp,
                         int out_ctype,
                         int write_flags,
                         wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func,
                         union wimlib_progress_info *progress)
{
        int write_resource_flags = 0;
        if (write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_RECOMPRESS)
                write_resource_flags |= WIMLIB_RESOURCE_FLAG_RECOMPRESS;

        progress->write_streams.num_threads = 1;
        if (progress_func)
                progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_WRITE_STREAMS, progress);
        return do_write_stream_list(stream_list,
                                    lookup_table,
                                    out_fp,
                                    out_ctype,
                                    write_resource_flags,
                                    progress_func,
                                    progress);
}

#ifdef ENABLE_MULTITHREADED_COMPRESSION
static int
write_wim_chunks(struct message *msg, FILE *out_fp,
                 struct chunk_table *chunk_tab)
{
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < msg->num_chunks; i++) {
                unsigned chunk_csize = msg->compressed_chunk_sizes[i];

                DEBUG2("Write wim chunk %u of %u (csize = %u)",
                      i, msg->num_chunks, chunk_csize);

                if (fwrite(msg->out_compressed_chunks[i], 1, chunk_csize, out_fp)
                    != chunk_csize)
                {
                        ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to write WIM chunk");
                        return WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
                }

                *chunk_tab->cur_offset_p++ = chunk_tab->cur_offset;
                chunk_tab->cur_offset += chunk_csize;
        }
        return 0;
}

struct main_writer_thread_ctx {
        struct list_head *stream_list;
        struct wim_lookup_table *lookup_table;
        FILE *out_fp;
        int out_ctype;
        struct shared_queue *res_to_compress_queue;
        struct shared_queue *compressed_res_queue;
        size_t num_messages;
        int write_flags;
        wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func;
        union wimlib_progress_info *progress;

        struct list_head available_msgs;
        struct list_head outstanding_streams;
        struct list_head serial_streams;
        u64 next_chunk;
        u64 next_num_chunks;
        struct message *msgs;
        struct message *next_msg;
        size_t next_chunk_in_msg;
        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *cur_lte;
        struct chunk_table *cur_chunk_tab;
        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *next_lte;
        SHA_CTX sha_ctx;
        u8 next_hash[20];
};

static int
init_message(struct message *msg)
{
        for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_CHUNKS_PER_MSG; i++) {
                msg->compressed_chunks[i] = MALLOC(WIM_CHUNK_SIZE);
                msg->uncompressed_chunks[i] = MALLOC(WIM_CHUNK_SIZE);
                if (msg->compressed_chunks[i] == NULL ||
                    msg->uncompressed_chunks[i] == NULL)
                        return WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
        }
        return 0;
}

static void
destroy_message(struct message *msg)
{
        for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_CHUNKS_PER_MSG; i++) {
                FREE(msg->compressed_chunks[i]);
                FREE(msg->uncompressed_chunks[i]);
        }
}

static void
free_messages(struct message *msgs, size_t num_messages)
{
        if (msgs) {
                for (size_t i = 0; i < num_messages; i++)
                        destroy_message(&msgs[i]);
                FREE(msgs);
        }
}

static struct message *
allocate_messages(size_t num_messages)
{
        struct message *msgs;

        msgs = CALLOC(num_messages, sizeof(struct message));
        if (!msgs)
                return NULL;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < num_messages; i++) {
                if (init_message(&msgs[i])) {
                        free_messages(msgs, num_messages);
                        return NULL;
                }
        }
        return msgs;
}

static void
main_writer_thread_destroy_ctx(struct main_writer_thread_ctx *ctx)
{
        free_messages(ctx->msgs, ctx->num_messages);
        FREE(ctx->cur_chunk_tab);
}


static int
main_writer_thread_init_ctx(struct main_writer_thread_ctx *ctx)
{
        /* Pre-allocate all the buffers that will be needed to do the chunk
         * compression. */
        ctx->msgs = allocate_messages(ctx->num_messages);
        if (!ctx->msgs)
                return WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;

        /* Initially, all the messages are available to use. */
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->available_msgs);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < ctx->num_messages; i++)
                list_add_tail(&ctx->msgs[i].list, &ctx->available_msgs);

        /* outstanding_streams is the list of streams that currently have had
         * chunks sent off for compression.
         *
         * The first stream in outstanding_streams is the stream that is
         * currently being written (cur_lte).
         *
         * The last stream in outstanding_streams is the stream that is
         * currently being read and chunks fed to the compressor threads.  */
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->outstanding_streams);

        /* Resources that don't need any chunks compressed are added to this
         * list and written directly by the main thread. */
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->serial_streams);

        ctx->cur_lte = NULL;
        return 0;
}

static int
receive_compressed_chunks(struct main_writer_thread_ctx *ctx)
{
        struct message *msg;
        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *cur_lte;
        int ret;

        wimlib_assert(!list_empty(&ctx->outstanding_streams));

        /* Get the next message from the queue and process it.
         * The message will contain 1 or more data chunks that have been
         * compressed. */
        msg = shared_queue_get(ctx->compressed_res_queue);
        msg->complete = true;
        cur_lte = ctx->cur_lte;

        /* Is this the next chunk in the current resource?  If it's not
         * (i.e., an earlier chunk in a same or different resource
         * hasn't been compressed yet), do nothing, and keep this
         * message around until all earlier chunks are received.
         *
         * Otherwise, write all the chunks we can. */
        while (cur_lte != NULL &&
               !list_empty(&cur_lte->msg_list) &&
               (msg = container_of(cur_lte->msg_list.next,
                                   struct message,
                                   list))->complete)
        {
                if (msg->begin_chunk == 0) {

                        /* This is the first set of chunks.  Leave space
                         * for the chunk table in the output file. */
                        off_t cur_offset = ftello(ctx->out_fp);
                        if (cur_offset == -1) {
                                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
                                goto out;
                        }
                        ret = begin_wim_resource_chunk_tab(cur_lte,
                                                           ctx->out_fp,
                                                           cur_offset,
                                                           &ctx->cur_chunk_tab);
                        if (ret)
                                goto out;
                }

                /* Write the compressed chunks from the message. */
                ret = write_wim_chunks(msg, ctx->out_fp, ctx->cur_chunk_tab);
                if (ret)
                        goto out;

                list_del(&msg->list);

                /* This message is available to use for different chunks
                 * now. */
                list_add(&msg->list, &ctx->available_msgs);

                /* Was this the last chunk of the stream?  If so, finish
                 * it. */
                if (list_empty(&cur_lte->msg_list) &&
                    msg->begin_chunk + msg->num_chunks == ctx->cur_chunk_tab->num_chunks)
                {
                        DEBUG2("Finish wim chunk tab");
                        u64 res_csize;
                        ret = finish_wim_resource_chunk_tab(ctx->cur_chunk_tab,
                                                            ctx->out_fp,
                                                            &res_csize);
                        if (ret)
                                goto out;

#if 0
                        if (res_csize >= wim_resource_size(cur_lte)) {
                                /* Oops!  We compressed the resource to
                                 * larger than the original size.  Write
                                 * the resource uncompressed instead. */
                                ret = write_uncompressed_resource_and_truncate(
                                                 cur_lte,
                                                 ctx->out_fp,
                                                 ctx->cur_chunk_tab->file_offset,
                                                 &cur_lte->output_resource_entry);
                                if (ret)
                                        goto out;
                        } else
#endif
                        {
                                cur_lte->output_resource_entry.size =
                                        res_csize;

                                cur_lte->output_resource_entry.original_size =
                                        cur_lte->resource_entry.original_size;

                                cur_lte->output_resource_entry.offset =
                                        ctx->cur_chunk_tab->file_offset;

                                cur_lte->output_resource_entry.flags =
                                        cur_lte->resource_entry.flags |
                                                WIM_RESHDR_FLAG_COMPRESSED;
                        }
                        do_write_streams_progress(ctx->progress, ctx->progress_func,
                                                  wim_resource_size(cur_lte));
                        FREE(ctx->cur_chunk_tab);
                        ctx->cur_chunk_tab = NULL;

                        struct list_head *next = cur_lte->write_streams_list.next;
                        list_del(&cur_lte->write_streams_list);

                        if (next == &ctx->outstanding_streams)
                                cur_lte = NULL;
                        else
                                cur_lte = container_of(cur_lte->write_streams_list.next,
                                                       struct wim_lookup_table_entry,
                                                       write_streams_list);

                        /* Since we just finished writing a stream, write any
                         * streams that have been added to the serial_streams
                         * list for direct writing by the main thread (e.g.
                         * resources that don't need to be compressed because
                         * the desired compression type is the same as the
                         * previous compression type). */
                        ret = do_write_stream_list(&ctx->serial_streams,
                                                   ctx->lookup_table,
                                                   ctx->out_fp,
                                                   ctx->out_ctype,
                                                   ctx->progress_func,
                                                   ctx->progress,
                                                   0);
                        if (ret)
                                goto out;
                }
        }
out:
        ctx->cur_lte = cur_lte;
        return ret;
}

static int
main_writer_thread_cb(const void *chunk, size_t chunk_size, void *_ctx)
{
        struct main_writer_thread_ctx *ctx = _ctx;
        int ret;
        struct message *next_msg;

        next_msg = ctx->next_msg;

        sha1_update(&ctx->sha_ctx, chunk, chunk_size);

        if (!next_msg) {
                if (list_empty(&ctx->available_msgs)) {
                        ret = receive_compressed_chunks(ctx);
                        if (ret)
                                return ret;
                }

                wimlib_assert(!list_empty(&ctx->available_msgs));

                next_msg = container_of(ctx->available_msgs.next,
                                       struct message,
                                       list);
                list_del(&next_msg->list);
                next_msg->complete = false;
                next_msg->begin_chunk = ctx->next_chunk;
                next_msg->num_chunks = min(MAX_CHUNKS_PER_MSG,
                                           ctx->next_num_chunks - ctx->next_chunk);
                ctx->next_chunk_in_msg = 0;
        }

        wimlib_assert(next_msg != NULL);
        wimlib_assert(ctx->next_chunk_in_msg < next_msg->num_chunks);

        next_msg->uncompressed_chunk_sizes[ctx->next_chunk_in_msg] = chunk_size;
        memcpy(next_msg->uncompressed_chunks[ctx->next_chunk_in_msg],
               chunk, chunk_size);

        if (++ctx->next_chunk_in_msg == next_msg->num_chunks) {
                shared_queue_put(ctx->res_to_compress_queue,
                                 next_msg);
                ctx->next_msg = NULL;
        }
        return 0;
}

static int
submit_stream_for_compression(struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte,
                              struct main_writer_thread_ctx *ctx)
{
        int ret;

        sha1_init(&ctx->sha_ctx);
        ctx->next_num_chunks = wim_resource_chunks(lte);
        ret = read_resource_prefix(lte, wim_resource_size(lte),
                                   main_writer_thread_cb, ctx, 0);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
        ret = finalize_and_check_sha1(&ctx->sha_ctx, lte);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
}

/*
 * This function is executed by the main thread when the resources are being
 * compressed in parallel.  The main thread is in change of all reading of the
 * uncompressed data and writing of the compressed data.  The compressor threads
 * *only* do compression from/to in-memory buffers.
 *
 * Each unit of work given to a compressor thread is up to MAX_CHUNKS_PER_MSG
 * chunks of compressed data to compress, represented in a `struct message'.
 * Each message is passed from the main thread to a worker thread through the
 * res_to_compress_queue, and it is passed back through the
 * compressed_res_queue.
 */
static int
main_writer_thread_proc(struct main_writer_thread_ctx *ctx)
{
        int ret;
        struct list_head *stream_list;
        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;

        ret = main_writer_thread_init_ctx(ctx);
        if (ret)
                goto out_destroy_ctx;

        stream_list = ctx->stream_list;
        while (!list_empty(stream_list)) {
                lte = container_of(stream_list->next,
                                   struct wim_lookup_table_entry,
                                   write_streams_list);
                list_del(&lte->write_streams_list);
                if (lte->unhashed && !lte->unique_size) {
                        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *tmp;
                        u32 orig_refcnt = lte->out_refcnt;

                        ret = hash_unhashed_stream(lte, ctx->lookup_table, &tmp);
                        if (ret)
                                goto out_destroy_ctx;
                        if (tmp != lte) {
                                lte = tmp;
                                if (orig_refcnt != tmp->out_refcnt) {
                                        DEBUG("Discarding duplicate stream of length %"PRIu64,
                                              wim_resource_size(lte));
                                        goto skip_to_progress;
                                }
                        }
                }

                if (wim_resource_size(lte) < 1000 ||
                    ctx->out_ctype == WIMLIB_COMPRESSION_TYPE_NONE ||
                    (lte->resource_location == RESOURCE_IN_WIM &&
                     wimlib_get_compression_type(lte->wim) == ctx->out_ctype))
                {
                        list_add(&lte->write_streams_list,
                                 &ctx->serial_streams);
                } else {
                        ret = submit_stream_for_compression(lte, ctx);
                        if (ret)
                                goto out_destroy_ctx;
                        if (lte->unhashed) {
                                list_del(&lte->unhashed_list);
                                lookup_table_insert(ctx->lookup_table, lte);
                                lte->unhashed = 0;
                        }
                }
        skip_to_progress:
                do_write_streams_progress(ctx->progress,
                                          ctx->progress_func,
                                          wim_resource_size(lte));
        }

        while (!list_empty(&ctx->outstanding_streams)) {
                ret = receive_compressed_chunks(ctx);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_destroy_ctx;
        }
        ret = 0;
out_destroy_ctx:
        main_writer_thread_destroy_ctx(ctx);
        return ret;
}

static long
get_default_num_threads()
{
#ifdef __WIN32__
        return win32_get_number_of_processors();
#else
        return sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
#endif
}

static int
write_stream_list_parallel(struct list_head *stream_list,
                           struct wim_lookup_table *lookup_table,
                           FILE *out_fp,
                           int out_ctype,
                           int write_flags,
                           unsigned num_threads,
                           wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func,
                           union wimlib_progress_info *progress)
{
        int ret;
        struct shared_queue res_to_compress_queue;
        struct shared_queue compressed_res_queue;
        pthread_t *compressor_threads = NULL;

        if (num_threads == 0) {
                long nthreads = get_default_num_threads();
                if (nthreads < 1 || nthreads > UINT_MAX) {
                        WARNING("Could not determine number of processors! Assuming 1");
                        goto out_serial;
                } else {
                        num_threads = nthreads;
                }
        }

        progress->write_streams.num_threads = num_threads;

        static const double MESSAGES_PER_THREAD = 2.0;
        size_t queue_size = (size_t)(num_threads * MESSAGES_PER_THREAD);

        DEBUG("Initializing shared queues (queue_size=%zu)", queue_size);

        ret = shared_queue_init(&res_to_compress_queue, queue_size);
        if (ret != 0)
                goto out_serial;

        ret = shared_queue_init(&compressed_res_queue, queue_size);
        if (ret != 0)
                goto out_destroy_res_to_compress_queue;

        struct compressor_thread_params params;
        params.res_to_compress_queue = &res_to_compress_queue;
        params.compressed_res_queue = &compressed_res_queue;
        params.compress = get_compress_func(out_ctype);

        compressor_threads = MALLOC(num_threads * sizeof(pthread_t));
        if (!compressor_threads) {
                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
                goto out_destroy_compressed_res_queue;
        }

        for (unsigned i = 0; i < num_threads; i++) {
                DEBUG("pthread_create thread %u", i);
                ret = pthread_create(&compressor_threads[i], NULL,
                                     compressor_thread_proc, &params);
                if (ret != 0) {
                        ret = -1;
                        ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to create compressor "
                                         "thread %u", i);
                        num_threads = i;
                        goto out_join;
                }
        }

        if (progress_func)
                progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_WRITE_STREAMS, progress);

        struct main_writer_thread_ctx ctx;
        memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(ctx));
        ctx.stream_list           = stream_list;
        ctx.lookup_table          = lookup_table;
        ctx.out_fp                = out_fp;
        ctx.out_ctype             = out_ctype;
        ctx.res_to_compress_queue = &res_to_compress_queue;
        ctx.compressed_res_queue  = &compressed_res_queue;
        ctx.num_messages          = queue_size;
        ctx.write_flags           = write_flags;
        ctx.progress_func         = progress_func;
        ctx.progress              = progress;
        ret = main_writer_thread_proc(&ctx);
out_join:
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < num_threads; i++)
                shared_queue_put(&res_to_compress_queue, NULL);

        for (unsigned i = 0; i < num_threads; i++) {
                if (pthread_join(compressor_threads[i], NULL)) {
                        WARNING_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to join compressor "
                                           "thread %u", i);
                }
        }
        FREE(compressor_threads);
out_destroy_compressed_res_queue:
        shared_queue_destroy(&compressed_res_queue);
out_destroy_res_to_compress_queue:
        shared_queue_destroy(&res_to_compress_queue);
        if (ret >= 0 && ret != WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM)
                return ret;
out_serial:
        WARNING("Falling back to single-threaded compression");
        return write_stream_list_serial(stream_list,
                                        lookup_table,
                                        out_fp,
                                        out_ctype,
                                        write_flags,
                                        progress_func,
                                        progress);

}
#endif

/*
 * Write a list of streams to a WIM (@out_fp) using the compression type
 * @out_ctype and up to @num_threads compressor threads.
 */
static int
write_stream_list(struct list_head *stream_list,
                  struct wim_lookup_table *lookup_table,
                  FILE *out_fp, int out_ctype, int write_flags,
                  unsigned num_threads, wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
{
        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;
        size_t num_streams = 0;
        u64 total_bytes = 0;
        u64 total_compression_bytes = 0;
        union wimlib_progress_info progress;
        int ret;

        if (list_empty(stream_list))
                return 0;

        /* Calculate the total size of the streams to be written.  Note: this
         * will be the uncompressed size, as we may not know the compressed size
         * yet, and also this will assume that every unhashed stream will be
         * written (which will not necessarily be the case). */
        list_for_each_entry(lte, stream_list, write_streams_list) {
                num_streams++;
                total_bytes += wim_resource_size(lte);
                if (out_ctype != WIMLIB_COMPRESSION_TYPE_NONE
                       && (wim_resource_compression_type(lte) != out_ctype ||
                           (write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_RECOMPRESS)))
                {
                        total_compression_bytes += wim_resource_size(lte);
                }
        }
        progress.write_streams.total_bytes       = total_bytes;
        progress.write_streams.total_streams     = num_streams;
        progress.write_streams.completed_bytes   = 0;
        progress.write_streams.completed_streams = 0;
        progress.write_streams.num_threads       = num_threads;
        progress.write_streams.compression_type  = out_ctype;
        progress.write_streams._private          = 0;

#ifdef ENABLE_MULTITHREADED_COMPRESSION
        if (total_compression_bytes >= 1000000 && num_threads != 1)
                ret = write_stream_list_parallel(stream_list,
                                                 lookup_table,
                                                 out_fp,
                                                 out_ctype,
                                                 write_flags,
                                                 num_threads,
                                                 progress_func,
                                                 &progress);
        else
#endif
                ret = write_stream_list_serial(stream_list,
                                               lookup_table,
                                               out_fp,
                                               out_ctype,
                                               write_flags,
                                               progress_func,
                                               &progress);
        return ret;
}

struct stream_size_table {
        struct hlist_head *array;
        size_t num_entries;
        size_t capacity;
};

static int
init_stream_size_table(struct stream_size_table *tab, size_t capacity)
{
        tab->array = CALLOC(capacity, sizeof(tab->array[0]));
        if (!tab->array)
                return WIMLIB_ERR_NOMEM;
        tab->num_entries = 0;
        tab->capacity = capacity;
        return 0;
}

static void
destroy_stream_size_table(struct stream_size_table *tab)
{
        FREE(tab->array);
}

static int
stream_size_table_insert(struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte, void *_tab)
{
        struct stream_size_table *tab = _tab;
        size_t pos;
        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *same_size_lte;
        struct hlist_node *tmp;

        pos = hash_u64(wim_resource_size(lte)) % tab->capacity;
        lte->unique_size = 1;
        hlist_for_each_entry(same_size_lte, tmp, &tab->array[pos], hash_list_2) {
                if (wim_resource_size(same_size_lte) == wim_resource_size(lte)) {
                        lte->unique_size = 0;
                        same_size_lte->unique_size = 0;
                        break;
                }
        }

        hlist_add_head(&lte->hash_list_2, &tab->array[pos]);
        tab->num_entries++;
        return 0;
}


struct lte_overwrite_prepare_args {
        WIMStruct *wim;
        off_t end_offset;
        struct list_head stream_list;
        struct stream_size_table stream_size_tab;
};

/* First phase of preparing streams for an in-place overwrite.  This is called
 * on all streams, both hashed and unhashed, except the metadata resources. */
static int
lte_overwrite_prepare(struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte, void *_args)
{
        struct lte_overwrite_prepare_args *args = _args;

        wimlib_assert(!(lte->resource_entry.flags & WIM_RESHDR_FLAG_METADATA));
        if (lte->resource_location != RESOURCE_IN_WIM || lte->wim != args->wim)
                list_add_tail(&lte->write_streams_list, &args->stream_list);
        lte->out_refcnt = lte->refcnt;
        stream_size_table_insert(lte, &args->stream_size_tab);
        return 0;
}

/* Second phase of preparing streams for an in-place overwrite.  This is called
 * on existing metadata resources and hashed streams, but not unhashed streams.
 *
 * NOTE: lte->output_resource_entry is in union with lte->hash_list_2, so
 * lte_overwrite_prepare_2() must be called after lte_overwrite_prepare(), as
 * the latter uses lte->hash_list_2, while the former expects to set
 * lte->output_resource_entry. */
static int
lte_overwrite_prepare_2(struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte, void *_args)
{
        struct lte_overwrite_prepare_args *args = _args;

        if (lte->resource_location == RESOURCE_IN_WIM && lte->wim == args->wim) {
                /* We can't do an in place overwrite on the WIM if there are
                 * streams after the XML data. */
                if (lte->resource_entry.offset +
                    lte->resource_entry.size > args->end_offset)
                {
                #ifdef ENABLE_ERROR_MESSAGES
                        ERROR("The following resource is after the XML data:");
                        print_lookup_table_entry(lte, stderr);
                #endif
                        return WIMLIB_ERR_RESOURCE_ORDER;
                }
                copy_resource_entry(&lte->output_resource_entry,
                                    &lte->resource_entry);
        }
        return 0;
}

/* Given a WIM that we are going to overwrite in place with zero or more
 * additional streams added, construct a list the list of new unique streams
 * ('struct wim_lookup_table_entry's) that must be written, plus any unhashed
 * streams that need to be added but may be identical to other hashed or
 * unhashed streams.  These unhashed streams are checksummed while the streams
 * are being written.  To aid this process, the member @unique_size is set to 1
 * on streams that have a unique size and therefore must be written.
 *
 * The out_refcnt member of each 'struct wim_lookup_table_entry' is set to
 * indicate the number of times the stream is referenced in only the streams
 * that are being written; this may still be adjusted later when unhashed
 * streams are being resolved.
 */
static int
prepare_streams_for_overwrite(WIMStruct *wim, off_t end_offset,
                              struct list_head *stream_list)
{
        int ret;
        struct lte_overwrite_prepare_args args;
        unsigned i;

        args.wim = wim;
        args.end_offset = end_offset;
        ret = init_stream_size_table(&args.stream_size_tab,
                                     wim->lookup_table->capacity);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&args.stream_list);
        for (i = 0; i < wim->hdr.image_count; i++) {
                struct wim_image_metadata *imd;
                struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;

                imd = wim->image_metadata[i];
                image_for_each_unhashed_stream(lte, imd)
                        lte_overwrite_prepare(lte, &args);
        }
        for_lookup_table_entry(wim->lookup_table, lte_overwrite_prepare, &args);
        list_transfer(&args.stream_list, stream_list);

        for (i = 0; i < wim->hdr.image_count; i++) {
                ret = lte_overwrite_prepare_2(wim->image_metadata[i]->metadata_lte,
                                              &args);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_destroy_stream_size_table;
        }
        ret = for_lookup_table_entry(wim->lookup_table,
                                     lte_overwrite_prepare_2, &args);
out_destroy_stream_size_table:
        destroy_stream_size_table(&args.stream_size_tab);
        return ret;
}


struct find_streams_ctx {
        struct list_head stream_list;
        struct stream_size_table stream_size_tab;
};

static void
inode_find_streams_to_write(struct wim_inode *inode,
                            struct wim_lookup_table *table,
                            struct list_head *stream_list,
                            struct stream_size_table *tab)
{
        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;
        for (unsigned i = 0; i <= inode->i_num_ads; i++) {
                lte = inode_stream_lte(inode, i, table);
                if (lte) {
                        if (lte->out_refcnt == 0) {
                                if (lte->unhashed)
                                        stream_size_table_insert(lte, tab);
                                list_add_tail(&lte->write_streams_list, stream_list);
                        }
                        lte->out_refcnt += inode->i_nlink;
                }
        }
}

static int
image_find_streams_to_write(WIMStruct *w)
{
        struct find_streams_ctx *ctx;
        struct wim_image_metadata *imd;
        struct wim_inode *inode;
        struct wim_lookup_table_entry *lte;

        ctx = w->private;
        imd = wim_get_current_image_metadata(w);

        image_for_each_unhashed_stream(lte, imd)
                lte->out_refcnt = 0;

        /* Go through this image's inodes to find any streams that have not been
         * found yet. */
        image_for_each_inode(inode, imd) {
                inode_find_streams_to_write(inode, w->lookup_table,
                                            &ctx->stream_list,
                                            &ctx->stream_size_tab);
        }
        return 0;
}

/* Given a WIM that from which one or all of the images is being written, build
 * the list of unique streams ('struct wim_lookup_table_entry's) that must be
 * written, plus any unhashed streams that need to be written but may be
 * identical to other hashed or unhashed streams being written.  These unhashed
 * streams are checksummed while the streams are being written.  To aid this
 * process, the member @unique_size is set to 1 on streams that have a unique
 * size and therefore must be written.
 *
 * The out_refcnt member of each 'struct wim_lookup_table_entry' is set to
 * indicate the number of times the stream is referenced in only the streams
 * that are being written; this may still be adjusted later when unhashed
 * streams are being resolved.
 */
static int
prepare_stream_list(WIMStruct *wim, int image, struct list_head *stream_list)
{
        int ret;
        struct find_streams_ctx ctx;

        for_lookup_table_entry(wim->lookup_table, lte_zero_out_refcnt, NULL);
        ret = init_stream_size_table(&ctx.stream_size_tab,
                                     wim->lookup_table->capacity);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
        for_lookup_table_entry(wim->lookup_table, stream_size_table_insert,
                               &ctx.stream_size_tab);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx.stream_list);
        wim->private = &ctx;
        ret = for_image(wim, image, image_find_streams_to_write);
        destroy_stream_size_table(&ctx.stream_size_tab);
        if (ret == 0)
                list_transfer(&ctx.stream_list, stream_list);
        return ret;
}

/* Writes the streams for the specified @image in @wim to @wim->out_fp.
 */
static int
write_wim_streams(WIMStruct *wim, int image, int write_flags,
                  unsigned num_threads,
                  wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
{
        int ret;
        struct list_head stream_list;

        ret = prepare_stream_list(wim, image, &stream_list);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
        return write_stream_list(&stream_list,
                                 wim->lookup_table,
                                 wim->out_fp,
                                 wimlib_get_compression_type(wim),
                                 write_flags,
                                 num_threads,
                                 progress_func);
}

/*
 * Finish writing a WIM file: write the lookup table, xml data, and integrity
 * table (optional), then overwrite the WIM header.
 *
 * write_flags is a bitwise OR of the following:
 *
 *      (public)  WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_CHECK_INTEGRITY:
 *              Include an integrity table.
 *
 *      (public)  WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_SHOW_PROGRESS:
 *              Show progress information when (if) writing the integrity table.
 *
 *      (private) WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_NO_LOOKUP_TABLE:
 *              Don't write the lookup table.
 *
 *      (private) WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_REUSE_INTEGRITY_TABLE:
 *              When (if) writing the integrity table, re-use entries from the
 *              existing integrity table, if possible.
 *
 *      (private) WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_CHECKPOINT_AFTER_XML:
 *              After writing the XML data but before writing the integrity
 *              table, write a temporary WIM header and flush the stream so that
 *              the WIM is less likely to become corrupted upon abrupt program
 *              termination.
 *
 *      (private) WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_FSYNC:
 *              fsync() the output file before closing it.
 *
 */
int
finish_write(WIMStruct *w, int image, int write_flags,
             wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
{
        int ret;
        struct wim_header hdr;
        FILE *out = w->out_fp;

        /* @hdr will be the header for the new WIM.  First copy all the data
         * from the header in the WIMStruct; then set all the fields that may
         * have changed, including the resource entries, boot index, and image
         * count.  */
        memcpy(&hdr, &w->hdr, sizeof(struct wim_header));

        /* Set image count and boot index correctly for single image writes */
        if (image != WIMLIB_ALL_IMAGES) {
                hdr.image_count = 1;
                if (hdr.boot_idx == image)
                        hdr.boot_idx = 1;
                else
                        hdr.boot_idx = 0;
        }

        /* In the WIM header, there is room for the resource entry for a
         * metadata resource labeled as the "boot metadata".  This entry should
         * be zeroed out if there is no bootable image (boot_idx 0).  Otherwise,
         * it should be a copy of the resource entry for the image that is
         * marked as bootable.  This is not well documented...  */
        if (hdr.boot_idx == 0) {
                zero_resource_entry(&hdr.boot_metadata_res_entry);
        } else {
                copy_resource_entry(&hdr.boot_metadata_res_entry,
                            &w->image_metadata[ hdr.boot_idx- 1
                                        ]->metadata_lte->output_resource_entry);
        }

        if (!(write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_NO_LOOKUP_TABLE)) {
                ret = write_lookup_table(w, image, &hdr.lookup_table_res_entry);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_close_wim;
        }

        ret = write_xml_data(w->wim_info, image, out,
                             (write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_NO_LOOKUP_TABLE) ?
                              wim_info_get_total_bytes(w->wim_info) : 0,
                             &hdr.xml_res_entry);
        if (ret)
                goto out_close_wim;

        if (write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_CHECK_INTEGRITY) {
                if (write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_CHECKPOINT_AFTER_XML) {
                        struct wim_header checkpoint_hdr;
                        memcpy(&checkpoint_hdr, &hdr, sizeof(struct wim_header));
                        zero_resource_entry(&checkpoint_hdr.integrity);
                        if (fseeko(out, 0, SEEK_SET)) {
                                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to seek to beginning "
                                                 "of WIM being written");
                                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
                                goto out_close_wim;
                        }
                        ret = write_header(&checkpoint_hdr, out);
                        if (ret)
                                goto out_close_wim;

                        if (fflush(out) != 0) {
                                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Can't write data to WIM");
                                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
                                goto out_close_wim;
                        }

                        if (fseeko(out, 0, SEEK_END) != 0) {
                                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to seek to end "
                                                 "of WIM being written");
                                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
                                goto out_close_wim;
                        }
                }

                off_t old_lookup_table_end;
                off_t new_lookup_table_end;
                if (write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_REUSE_INTEGRITY_TABLE) {
                        old_lookup_table_end = w->hdr.lookup_table_res_entry.offset +
                                               w->hdr.lookup_table_res_entry.size;
                } else {
                        old_lookup_table_end = 0;
                }
                new_lookup_table_end = hdr.lookup_table_res_entry.offset +
                                       hdr.lookup_table_res_entry.size;

                ret = write_integrity_table(out,
                                            &hdr.integrity,
                                            new_lookup_table_end,
                                            old_lookup_table_end,
                                            progress_func);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_close_wim;
        } else {
                zero_resource_entry(&hdr.integrity);
        }

        if (fseeko(out, 0, SEEK_SET) != 0) {
                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to seek to beginning of WIM "
                                 "being written");
                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
                goto out_close_wim;
        }

        ret = write_header(&hdr, out);
        if (ret)
                goto out_close_wim;

        if (write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_FSYNC) {
                if (fflush(out) != 0
                    || fsync(fileno(out)) != 0)
                {
                        ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Error flushing data to WIM file");
                        ret = WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
                }
        }
out_close_wim:
        if (fclose(out) != 0) {
                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to close the output WIM file");
                if (ret == 0)
                        ret = WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
        }
        w->out_fp = NULL;
        return ret;
}

#if defined(HAVE_SYS_FILE_H) && defined(HAVE_FLOCK)
int
lock_wim(WIMStruct *w, FILE *fp)
{
        int ret = 0;
        if (fp && !w->wim_locked) {
                ret = flock(fileno(fp), LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB);
                if (ret != 0) {
                        if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {
                                ERROR("`%"TS"' is already being modified or has been "
                                      "mounted read-write\n"
                                      "        by another process!", w->filename);
                                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_ALREADY_LOCKED;
                        } else {
                                WARNING_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to lock `%"TS"'",
                                                   w->filename);
                                ret = 0;
                        }
                } else {
                        w->wim_locked = 1;
                }
        }
        return ret;
}
#endif

static int
open_wim_writable(WIMStruct *w, const tchar *path,
                  bool trunc, bool also_readable)
{
        const tchar *mode;
        if (trunc)
                if (also_readable)
                        mode = T("w+b");
                else
                        mode = T("wb");
        else
                mode = T("r+b");

        wimlib_assert(w->out_fp == NULL);
        w->out_fp = tfopen(path, mode);
        if (w->out_fp) {
                return 0;
        } else {
                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to open `%"TS"' for writing", path);
                return WIMLIB_ERR_OPEN;
        }
}


void
close_wim_writable(WIMStruct *w)
{
        if (w->out_fp) {
                if (fclose(w->out_fp) != 0) {
                        WARNING_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to close output WIM");
                }
                w->out_fp = NULL;
        }
}

/* Open file stream and write dummy header for WIM. */
int
begin_write(WIMStruct *w, const tchar *path, int write_flags)
{
        int ret;
        ret = open_wim_writable(w, path, true,
                                (write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_CHECK_INTEGRITY) != 0);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
        /* Write dummy header. It will be overwritten later. */
        return write_header(&w->hdr, w->out_fp);
}

/* Writes a stand-alone WIM to a file.  */
WIMLIBAPI int
wimlib_write(WIMStruct *w, const tchar *path,
             int image, int write_flags, unsigned num_threads,
             wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
{
        int ret;

        if (!path)
                return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;

        write_flags &= WIMLIB_WRITE_MASK_PUBLIC;

        if (image != WIMLIB_ALL_IMAGES &&
             (image < 1 || image > w->hdr.image_count))
                return WIMLIB_ERR_INVALID_IMAGE;

        if (w->hdr.total_parts != 1) {
                ERROR("Cannot call wimlib_write() on part of a split WIM");
                return WIMLIB_ERR_SPLIT_UNSUPPORTED;
        }

        ret = begin_write(w, path, write_flags);
        if (ret)
                goto out_close_wim;

        ret = write_wim_streams(w, image, write_flags, num_threads,
                                progress_func);
        if (ret)
                goto out_close_wim;

        if (progress_func)
                progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_WRITE_METADATA_BEGIN, NULL);

        ret = for_image(w, image, write_metadata_resource);
        if (ret)
                goto out_close_wim;

        if (progress_func)
                progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_WRITE_METADATA_END, NULL);

        ret = finish_write(w, image, write_flags, progress_func);
        /* finish_write() closed the WIM for us */
        goto out;
out_close_wim:
        close_wim_writable(w);
out:
        DEBUG("wimlib_write(path=%"TS") = %d", path, ret);
        return ret;
}

static bool
any_images_modified(WIMStruct *w)
{
        for (int i = 0; i < w->hdr.image_count; i++)
                if (w->image_metadata[i]->modified)
                        return true;
        return false;
}

/*
 * Overwrite a WIM, possibly appending streams to it.
 *
 * A WIM looks like (or is supposed to look like) the following:
 *
 *                   Header (212 bytes)
 *                   Streams and metadata resources (variable size)
 *                   Lookup table (variable size)
 *                   XML data (variable size)
 *                   Integrity table (optional) (variable size)
 *
 * If we are not adding any streams or metadata resources, the lookup table is
 * unchanged--- so we only need to overwrite the XML data, integrity table, and
 * header.  This operation is potentially unsafe if the program is abruptly
 * terminated while the XML data or integrity table are being overwritten, but
 * before the new header has been written.  To partially alleviate this problem,
 * a special flag (WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_CHECKPOINT_AFTER_XML) is passed to
 * finish_write() to cause a temporary WIM header to be written after the XML
 * data has been written.  This may prevent the WIM from becoming corrupted if
 * the program is terminated while the integrity table is being calculated (but
 * no guarantees, due to write re-ordering...).
 *
 * If we are adding new streams or images (metadata resources), the lookup table
 * needs to be changed, and those streams need to be written.  In this case, we
 * try to perform a safe update of the WIM file by writing the streams *after*
 * the end of the previous WIM, then writing the new lookup table, XML data, and
 * (optionally) integrity table following the new streams.  This will produce a
 * layout like the following:
 *
 *                   Header (212 bytes)
 *                   (OLD) Streams and metadata resources (variable size)
 *                   (OLD) Lookup table (variable size)
 *                   (OLD) XML data (variable size)
 *                   (OLD) Integrity table (optional) (variable size)
 *                   (NEW) Streams and metadata resources (variable size)
 *                   (NEW) Lookup table (variable size)
 *                   (NEW) XML data (variable size)
 *                   (NEW) Integrity table (optional) (variable size)
 *
 * At all points, the WIM is valid as nothing points to the new data yet.  Then,
 * the header is overwritten to point to the new lookup table, XML data, and
 * integrity table, to produce the following layout:
 *
 *                   Header (212 bytes)
 *                   Streams and metadata resources (variable size)
 *                   Nothing (variable size)
 *                   More Streams and metadata resources (variable size)
 *                   Lookup table (variable size)
 *                   XML data (variable size)
 *                   Integrity table (optional) (variable size)
 *
 * This method allows an image to be appended to a large WIM very quickly, and
 * is is crash-safe except in the case of write re-ordering, but the
 * disadvantage is that a small hole is left in the WIM where the old lookup
 * table, xml data, and integrity table were.  (These usually only take up a
 * small amount of space compared to the streams, however.)
 */
static int
overwrite_wim_inplace(WIMStruct *w, int write_flags,
                      unsigned num_threads,
                      wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
{
        int ret;
        struct list_head stream_list;
        off_t old_wim_end;
        u64 old_lookup_table_end, old_xml_begin, old_xml_end;

        DEBUG("Overwriting `%"TS"' in-place", w->filename);

        /* Make sure that the integrity table (if present) is after the XML
         * data, and that there are no stream resources, metadata resources, or
         * lookup tables after the XML data.  Otherwise, these data would be
         * overwritten. */
        old_xml_begin = w->hdr.xml_res_entry.offset;
        old_xml_end = old_xml_begin + w->hdr.xml_res_entry.size;
        old_lookup_table_end = w->hdr.lookup_table_res_entry.offset +
                               w->hdr.lookup_table_res_entry.size;
        if (w->hdr.integrity.offset != 0 && w->hdr.integrity.offset < old_xml_end) {
                ERROR("Didn't expect the integrity table to be before the XML data");
                return WIMLIB_ERR_RESOURCE_ORDER;
        }

        if (old_lookup_table_end > old_xml_begin) {
                ERROR("Didn't expect the lookup table to be after the XML data");
                return WIMLIB_ERR_RESOURCE_ORDER;
        }

        /* Set @old_wim_end, which indicates the point beyond which we don't
         * allow any file and metadata resources to appear without returning
         * WIMLIB_ERR_RESOURCE_ORDER (due to the fact that we would otherwise
         * overwrite these resources). */
        if (!w->deletion_occurred && !any_images_modified(w)) {
                /* If no images have been modified and no images have been
                 * deleted, a new lookup table does not need to be written.  We
                 * shall write the new XML data and optional integrity table
                 * immediately after the lookup table.  Note that this may
                 * overwrite an existing integrity table. */
                DEBUG("Skipping writing lookup table "
                      "(no images modified or deleted)");
                old_wim_end = old_lookup_table_end;
                write_flags |= WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_NO_LOOKUP_TABLE |
                               WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_CHECKPOINT_AFTER_XML;
        } else if (w->hdr.integrity.offset) {
                /* Old WIM has an integrity table; begin writing new streams
                 * after it. */
                old_wim_end = w->hdr.integrity.offset + w->hdr.integrity.size;
        } else {
                /* No existing integrity table; begin writing new streams after
                 * the old XML data. */
                old_wim_end = old_xml_end;
        }

        ret = prepare_streams_for_overwrite(w, old_wim_end, &stream_list);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        ret = open_wim_writable(w, w->filename, false,
                                (write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_CHECK_INTEGRITY) != 0);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        ret = lock_wim(w, w->out_fp);
        if (ret) {
                close_wim_writable(w);
                return ret;
        }

        if (fseeko(w->out_fp, old_wim_end, SEEK_SET) != 0) {
                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Can't seek to end of WIM");
                close_wim_writable(w);
                w->wim_locked = 0;
                return WIMLIB_ERR_WRITE;
        }

        DEBUG("Writing newly added streams (offset = %"PRIu64")",
              old_wim_end);
        ret = write_stream_list(&stream_list,
                                w->lookup_table,
                                w->out_fp,
                                wimlib_get_compression_type(w),
                                write_flags,
                                num_threads,
                                progress_func);
        if (ret)
                goto out_truncate;

        for (int i = 0; i < w->hdr.image_count; i++) {
                if (w->image_metadata[i]->modified) {
                        select_wim_image(w, i + 1);
                        ret = write_metadata_resource(w);
                        if (ret)
                                goto out_truncate;
                }
        }
        write_flags |= WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_REUSE_INTEGRITY_TABLE;
        ret = finish_write(w, WIMLIB_ALL_IMAGES, write_flags,
                           progress_func);
out_truncate:
        close_wim_writable(w);
        if (ret != 0 && !(write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_NO_LOOKUP_TABLE)) {
                WARNING("Truncating `%"TS"' to its original size (%"PRIu64" bytes)",
                        w->filename, old_wim_end);
                /* Return value of truncate() is ignored because this is already
                 * an error path. */
                (void)ttruncate(w->filename, old_wim_end);
        }
        w->wim_locked = 0;
        return ret;
}

static int
overwrite_wim_via_tmpfile(WIMStruct *w, int write_flags,
                          unsigned num_threads,
                          wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
{
        size_t wim_name_len;
        int ret;

        DEBUG("Overwriting `%"TS"' via a temporary file", w->filename);

        /* Write the WIM to a temporary file in the same directory as the
         * original WIM. */
        wim_name_len = tstrlen(w->filename);
        tchar tmpfile[wim_name_len + 10];
        tmemcpy(tmpfile, w->filename, wim_name_len);
        randomize_char_array_with_alnum(tmpfile + wim_name_len, 9);
        tmpfile[wim_name_len + 9] = T('\0');

        ret = wimlib_write(w, tmpfile, WIMLIB_ALL_IMAGES,
                           write_flags | WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_FSYNC,
                           num_threads, progress_func);
        if (ret) {
                ERROR("Failed to write the WIM file `%"TS"'", tmpfile);
                goto out_unlink;
        }

        DEBUG("Renaming `%"TS"' to `%"TS"'", tmpfile, w->filename);

#ifdef __WIN32__
        /* Windows won't let you delete open files unless FILE_SHARE_DELETE was
         * specified to CreateFile().  The WIM was opened with fopen(), which
         * didn't provided this flag to CreateFile, so the handle must be closed
         * before executing the rename(). */
        if (w->fp != NULL) {
                fclose(w->fp);
                w->fp = NULL;
        }
#endif

        /* Rename the new file to the old file .*/
        if (trename(tmpfile, w->filename) != 0) {
                ERROR_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to rename `%"TS"' to `%"TS"'",
                                 tmpfile, w->filename);
                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_RENAME;
                goto out_unlink;
        }

        if (progress_func) {
                union wimlib_progress_info progress;
                progress.rename.from = tmpfile;
                progress.rename.to = w->filename;
                progress_func(WIMLIB_PROGRESS_MSG_RENAME, &progress);
        }

        /* Close the original WIM file that was opened for reading. */
        if (w->fp != NULL) {
                fclose(w->fp);
                w->fp = NULL;
        }

        /* Re-open the WIM read-only. */
        w->fp = tfopen(w->filename, T("rb"));
        if (w->fp == NULL) {
                ret = WIMLIB_ERR_REOPEN;
                WARNING_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to re-open `%"TS"' read-only",
                                   w->filename);
                FREE(w->filename);
                w->filename = NULL;
        }
        goto out;
out_unlink:
        /* Remove temporary file. */
        if (tunlink(tmpfile) != 0)
                WARNING_WITH_ERRNO("Failed to remove `%"TS"'", tmpfile);
out:
        return ret;
}

/*
 * Writes a WIM file to the original file that it was read from, overwriting it.
 */
WIMLIBAPI int
wimlib_overwrite(WIMStruct *w, int write_flags,
                 unsigned num_threads,
                 wimlib_progress_func_t progress_func)
{
        write_flags &= WIMLIB_WRITE_MASK_PUBLIC;

        if (!w->filename)
                return WIMLIB_ERR_NO_FILENAME;

        if (w->hdr.total_parts != 1) {
                ERROR("Cannot modify a split WIM");
                return WIMLIB_ERR_SPLIT_UNSUPPORTED;
        }

        if ((!w->deletion_occurred || (write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_SOFT_DELETE))
            && !(write_flags & WIMLIB_WRITE_FLAG_REBUILD))
        {
                int ret;
                ret = overwrite_wim_inplace(w, write_flags, num_threads,
                                            progress_func);
                if (ret == WIMLIB_ERR_RESOURCE_ORDER)
                        WARNING("Falling back to re-building entire WIM");
                else
                        return ret;
        }
        return overwrite_wim_via_tmpfile(w, write_flags, num_threads,
                                         progress_func);
}